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Chapter 8 Study Guide Rome’s location (Map Portion) -Italian Peninsula -Tiber River -Sicily -Spain -Gaul -Carthage -Rome Rome’s Founding Myths 1. Aeneas 2. Romulus and Remus Influences on Rome: 1. Etruscans -military -dress -metal work 2. Greeks -alphabet -grow olives and grapes -architecture, sculpture and literature Military -Legion- 5,000 to 6,000 soldiers -Legionary- a Roman soldier Two Social Groups of Rome 1. Patricians-descendents of the founders of Rome (vote and hold office) 2. Plebeians-common people (vote) -went on strike from military and threatened to start own republic to earn right to vote Republic- government in which citizens elect their representatives and it is not headed by a monarch Roman Republic- set the foundation for our own government (USA has a Republic) Monarchical Consul (2) head of executive branch -served for one year -commanded army -could veto each other Praetors- acted as judges and interpreted the Twelve Tables Aristocratic Senate (300) most powerful group -served for life -made up of patricians -influenced foreign and domestic policy -controlled governments $ -could pass laws Democratic Assembly of Centurians(citizen soldiers) -appointed consuls and magistrates -passed laws (patricians only early on) -could approve or reject laws Council of the Plebs or Tribunes (10) Plebeians -made laws for Plebeians only -later had more influence on entire republic Dictator-ruler with complete control (used in times of emergency) -Cincinnatus Influences on USA 1. Written constitution- plan for government and rules for how it runs 2. Tripartite government- 3 branch system (Executive, Legislative and Judicial 3. Checks and Balances- branches in government made sure the others were doing the right thing 4. Civic Duty – to vote and be a productive citizen Rome’s Laws (Influenced our judicial system) -Twelve Tables -carved in bronze -kept at the forum -Established “rule of law” 1. Equality under the law 2. Innocent until proven guilty Rome’s rival –Carthage Punic Wars Rome vs. Carthage -control the Mediterranean Sea to control trade on it -control the islands in it and its shores Hannibal-Carthage leader (attacked through the Alps Mts.) Scipio- Roman leader who went directly to Carthage “Bread and Circuses” –free food and entertainment for poor (Made politicians popular and got them votes) Private armies: Marius began to pay his soldiers Sulla defeated Marius’ army and was dictator for 3 years *-the military changed under these men (soldiers were more loyal to their generals than the republic Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus-1st Triumvirate -the senate liked Crassus but he died -the senate then ordered Caesar to give up his military and return to Rome -Pompey would lead the government -The senate did not want Caesar because he favored the poor -Caesar crossed the Rubicon River to attack Pompey’s army -Caesar won and became dictator for life *The senate feared he would name himself king and they thought he would take their power Achievements: -Julian Calendar- new calendar created by Caesar -Increased citizenship -Colonial lands to landless -Ordered landowners to hire more free men -Caesar was assassinated by many senators (Ides of March) 2nd Triumvirate Octavian, Antony and Lepidus -Octavian adopted son of Julius Caesar -Antony and Lepidus trusted advisors of Julius Caesar Octavian and Antony fought over Julius’ power and wealth -Octavian defeats Antony’s army Octavian (Augustus-Majestic One) 1st emperor of Rome -end of the republic 27 B.C. -Pax Romana begins (200 year era of peace and prosperity) Achievements: -150,000 professional army (paid) -9,000 Praetorian guards (protect emperor) -conquered more land -Built new temples and buildings (brick to marble) -imported grain from northern Africa to feed poor -divided the empire to make it easier to rule -tax collectors made government workers -extended citizenship Julio Claudian Emperors-descendents of Julius Caesar -Caligula- loved horse (gambling problems) -Nero- fiddled while Rome burned (blamed Christians) Vespasian- troubles with the Jewish people living in Israel (Palestine) -Mount Vesuvius erupted wiping out Pompeii The Good Emperors -Trajan-empire at its largest -Hadrian-began to shrink the empire (Hadrian’s Wall in Britain-keep out warlike people) Official language was Latin -Latin-spoken in West -Greek spoken in East Major legacies of Romans: -Concrete-strong building material -Roads-“All roads lead to Rome” -Aqueducts-carry water *Know all vocabulary terms