Download Chapter 8 Study Guide

Chapter 8 Study Guide
Rome’s location (Map Portion)
-Italian Peninsula
-Tiber River
-Sicily
-Spain
-Gaul
-Carthage
-Rome
Rome’s Founding Myths
1. Aeneas
2. Romulus and Remus
Influences on Rome:
1. Etruscans
-military
-dress
-metal work
2. Greeks
-alphabet
-grow olives and grapes
-architecture, sculpture and literature
Military
-Legion- 5,000 to 6,000 soldiers
-Legionary- a Roman soldier
Two Social Groups of Rome
1. Patricians-descendents of the founders of Rome (vote and hold office)
2. Plebeians-common people (vote)
-went on strike from military and threatened to start own republic to earn right to vote
Republic- government in which citizens elect their representatives and it is not headed by a monarch
Roman Republic- set the foundation for our own government (USA has a Republic)
Monarchical
Consul (2) head of executive branch
-served for one year
-commanded army
-could veto each other
Praetors- acted as judges and interpreted the Twelve Tables
Aristocratic
Senate (300) most powerful group
-served for life
-made up of patricians
-influenced foreign and domestic policy
-controlled governments $
-could pass laws
Democratic
Assembly of Centurians(citizen soldiers)
-appointed consuls and magistrates
-passed laws (patricians only early on)
-could approve or reject laws
Council of the Plebs or Tribunes (10) Plebeians
-made laws for Plebeians only
-later had more influence on entire republic
Dictator-ruler with complete control (used in times of emergency)
-Cincinnatus
Influences on USA
1. Written constitution- plan for government and rules for how it runs
2. Tripartite government- 3 branch system (Executive, Legislative and Judicial
3. Checks and Balances- branches in government made sure the others were doing the right thing
4. Civic Duty – to vote and be a productive citizen
Rome’s Laws (Influenced our judicial system)
-Twelve Tables
-carved in bronze
-kept at the forum
-Established “rule of law”
1. Equality under the law
2. Innocent until proven guilty
Rome’s rival –Carthage
Punic Wars
Rome vs. Carthage
-control the Mediterranean Sea to control trade on it
-control the islands in it and its shores
Hannibal-Carthage leader (attacked through the Alps Mts.)
Scipio- Roman leader who went directly to Carthage
“Bread and Circuses” –free food and entertainment for poor (Made politicians popular and got them votes)
Private armies:
Marius began to pay his soldiers
Sulla defeated Marius’ army and was dictator for 3 years
*-the military changed under these men (soldiers were more loyal to their generals than the republic
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus-1st Triumvirate
-the senate liked Crassus but he died
-the senate then ordered Caesar to give up his military and return to Rome
-Pompey would lead the government
-The senate did not want Caesar because he favored the poor
-Caesar crossed the Rubicon River to attack Pompey’s army
-Caesar won and became dictator for life
*The senate feared he would name himself king and they thought he would take their power
Achievements:
-Julian Calendar- new calendar created by Caesar
-Increased citizenship
-Colonial lands to landless
-Ordered landowners to hire more free men
-Caesar was assassinated by many senators (Ides of March)
2nd Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony and Lepidus
-Octavian adopted son of Julius Caesar
-Antony and Lepidus trusted advisors of Julius Caesar
Octavian and Antony fought over Julius’ power and wealth
-Octavian defeats Antony’s army
Octavian (Augustus-Majestic One) 1st emperor of Rome
-end of the republic 27 B.C.
-Pax Romana begins (200 year era of peace and prosperity)
Achievements:
-150,000 professional army (paid)
-9,000 Praetorian guards (protect emperor)
-conquered more land
-Built new temples and buildings (brick to marble)
-imported grain from northern Africa to feed poor
-divided the empire to make it easier to rule
-tax collectors made government workers
-extended citizenship
Julio Claudian Emperors-descendents of Julius Caesar
-Caligula- loved horse (gambling problems)
-Nero- fiddled while Rome burned (blamed Christians)
Vespasian- troubles with the Jewish people living in Israel (Palestine)
-Mount Vesuvius erupted wiping out Pompeii
The Good Emperors
-Trajan-empire at its largest
-Hadrian-began to shrink the empire (Hadrian’s Wall in Britain-keep out warlike people)
Official language was Latin
-Latin-spoken in West
-Greek spoken in East
Major legacies of Romans:
-Concrete-strong building material
-Roads-“All roads lead to Rome”
-Aqueducts-carry water
*Know all vocabulary terms