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Cells and Organelles Test Review 1. What are the characteristics of all living things? They have cellular organization, contain similar chemicals, use energy, grow and develop, respond to their surroundings, and reproduce. 2. What is a cell? What are unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms? A cell is the basic unit of structure and function. Unicellular organisms are singlecelled organisms. Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells. 3. What are the three parts of cell theory? All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells. 4. What is the most abundant chemical in cells? Why is it important? Water is the most abundant chemical in cells. It is important because water can dissolve more chemicals than any other substance on Earth. 5. What is reproduction? The ability to produce offspring that are identical (asexual reproduction) or similar to parents (sexual reproduction). 6. What is Photosynthesis? Describe the raw materials, the process, and the products. (Make sure that you include the energy that powers this process) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from light, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars (food) and oxygen. 7. What is Respiration? Describe the raw materials, the process, and the products. (Make sure that you include the 2 stages) Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose (a type of sugar). First the cell breaks down the carbohydrates in food to release energy. The second stage takes place in the mitochondria. There the chemical reaction (breaking down into smaller molecules) These chemical reactions require oxygen and a great deal of energy is released. 8. How are photosynthesis and respiration related? Photosynthesis and respiration are often thought of as opposite processes. Photosynthesis – water and carbon dioxide (plus the energy from the sun) are broken down into sugars and oxygen. Respiration – sugars and oxygen (energy is created) are broken down into carbon dioxide and water (lots of energy is also released). These two processes form a cycle that keeps levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen amounts fairly constant. 9. What are the four things that ALL living things need to survive? Food, water, living space, and stable internal conditions. 10. What is an organ? An organ is a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue. 11. What is an organelle? Smaller structures inside the cell are called organelles. 12. What is a tissue? A group of similar cells that perform the same function is a tissue. 13. What is a stimulus? A stimulus is a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react. 14. What is a response? An organism reacts to a stimulus with a response – “an action or change in behavior”. 15. What is homeostasis? What is stress? The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in surroundings is called homeostasis. Stress is the reaction of your body to potentially threatening, challenging, or disturbing events. 16. What are the different types of tissue in the body and what are their jobs? Muscle tissue – contract or shorten – helps you move Connective tissue – provides support and connects the parts of your body Nervous tissue – carries messages back and forth between your brain and other parts of your body. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of your body 17. What are the 4 things needed to survive? *see #9 18. What are the different organelles and what are their main functions? Cell Wall – found in plant cells – provides strength and support – keeps too much water from entering the cell Cell Membrane – found in all cells – keeps the cell together – allow waste out and nutrients in Nucleus – means “kernel or nut” – controls the cell activity and DNA is located here Nucleolus – makes the ribosomes Ribosomes – protein building location Cytoplasm – clear-jelly-like fluid that carries, holds, cushions, and helps protect other organelles Smooth ER – breaks down drugs and other chemicals Rough ER – helps make membranes and other antibodies Mitochondria – breaks down food molecules for energy Chloroplasts – found in plant cells – traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesis Golgi Complex – takes in proteins and sends them out to other cells Vacuole – stores water, food, and other materials needed by the cell Lysosome – destroys damaged organelles and gets rid of waste. 19. What are heterotrophs and autotrophs? Heterotrophs eat their food (consumers) and autotrophs make their own food (producers). 20. What are nucleic acids? Genetic material