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Chapter 4 – The Nucleus Controls the Functions of Life Name: _____________________ Pages 122 - 147 Date: ____________ Block: ________ Section 4.1 – The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell – pages 122 - 135 Functions Cell Organelle 1. It provides shape to the cell. It is semipermeable, regulating the entry and exit of substances. 2. It provides protection, shape and rigidity to a plant cell. 3. It contains most of the cell organelles, each of which perform a specific function. 4. Provides the cell with energy, especially animal cells 5. This organelle captures energy from sunlight and helps in the manufacture of food by the process of photosynthesis. 6. Makes proteins 7. Transports material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm 8. Membrane-bound sacs which transport molecules throughout the cell 9. This organelle modifies molecules and packages them into small membrane bound sacs called vesicles. 10. It helps in the storage of water and several other substances, namely food, waste products and pigments. 11. It controls and coordinates all the activities and functions of the cell. 12. It is semi-permeable, allowing substances to enter and leave the nucleus of the cell. It also provides protection to the nucleus of the cell. 13. Produces ribosomes What are the differences between a plant and animal cell? 1 Label each cell part. 2 Science 9 – The Nucleus: Control Centre of the Cell 1. The nucleus is the control centre of the cell. What 3 sets of instructions does it determine for the cell? 2. What does DNA stand for? 3. The actual DNA structure is not really like a ladder, but like two coils wrapped around each other. This structure is called a double __________________ 4. What are the parts of DNA? 5. What makes up the backbone or sides of the double helix? 6. What makes up the steps of the ladder? 7. What do the letters A, G, C and T stand for? Are they a base, sugar, or phosphate 8. The number and order of A, G, C, and T bases determine the message carried out by the DNA molecule. Adenosine (A) always pairs with and guanine (G) always pairs with . 9. One side of a DNA molecule contains the following sequence of bases. Write a sequence of the bases on the other side of the molecule. ACCTGCTAT 10. What is chromatin? 11. What is a chromosome? Describe what they look like. 12. Describe the relationship between DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes. _____________________________ 13. The human body cell contains chromosomes that arrange in pairs. 14. What letters represent the 23rd chromosomes for a male? ________ What letters represent the 23rd chromosomes for a female? ________ 15. What are genes and where are they located? 3 16. What is the function of a gene? Section 4.2 – Mutation – pages 136 - 143 1. Define gene mutation and when it occurs: 2. Describe the following types of gene mutations: Deletion: Addition: Substitution: 3. Given the normal DNA sequence ACTGGTACTGTTA, identify each of the following as a substitution, deletion, or addition of a base: a) ACTGCTACTGTTA b) ACTGGTACTGTT c) ACTGGGTACTGTTA 4. Name the three different effects a mutation can have on an individual. ___________________________ 5. Explain how a positive mutation affects an organism, and give an example 6. What is the difference between a neutral mutation and a negative mutation? Give an example of each. 7. What happens when there is a mutation causing sickle cell anemia? __________ 8. Define mutagen: 9. List five examples of environmental mutagens. 10. Define gene therapy: 11. Put the letters of the following procedures of gene therapy in order. ____________________ a) The healthy gene is delivered to a cell in an inactivated virus. b) Researchers determine which gene is mutated and causes the disease. c) The functioning protein is used in the cell. d) The cell starts copying the healthy gene. 4