Download Cell Processes chpt 9

 Chemistry
 Moving
 Energy
of life
Cellular Materials
for life
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Nature of Matter
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Atoms
Elements
Compounds and Molecules
Molecular compounds
Ionic compounds
Mixtures
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
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Inorganic Compounds
◦ Importance of water
◦ Characteristics of water
All things in universe contain matter
and possess energy
 Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space
 Energy is anything that brings about
change
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Matter is made up of atoms
◦ Atoms are the smallest part of an element
◦ There are 92 naturally occurring elements
on earth
◦ Composed of a nucleus in center where
protons and neutrons are found
◦ Surrounding the nucleus are electrons
◦ Protons are positively charged particles
◦ Electrons are negatively charged particles
◦ Neutrons have no charge (neutral)
Electons (-)
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Protons (+)
Neutrons (0)
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When matter is made up of only one kind of
atoms it is an element (pure substance)
Each element has its own symbol (one or two
letter symbol) H, He, O , Na
Organized on periodic table by mass, number
of protons, and symbols
Matter is mostly in combinations with other
elements (NaCl), H2O
Some matter is composed of same elements
O and C make 83% of human body
S,P,O,N,C and H make up 99 % of living matter
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Molecular compounds have elements that
share their electrons
The elements that share electrons in a
molecule take on different chemical
properties that the elements themselves
◦ H and O share electrons to form H2O, in a
proportion of 2 H to every 1 O,
◦ H2O is different than the elements H or O gas
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Atoms are normally neutral
Sometimes atoms loose or gain electrons and
become either positive or negative charged
Ions are charged atoms (+ or -)
Atoms that combine as result of these
charged particles produce ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are important in organism
because they send messages, transport O,
move things in and out of cell
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Sometimes substances combine but don’t
change their own identities which are called
mixtures (salt water)
Can be solid, liquid or gas or combination of
each
Solutions are mixtures that are evenly mixed
◦ NaCl andH2O are solutions which retain own
characteristics
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Suspensions are special solutions that some
of the substances settle out of solution
◦ Blood is an example
Always contain Carbon and Hydrogen and
associated with living things
Organic compounds groups are:
Carbohydrates: supply energy, made of
sugars and starches (C,H,O)
Lipids: don’t mix with water, fats and oils
stored release larger amounts of energy
(C,H,O,P)
Proteins: made of amino acids that are
building blocks of many structures in
organism, (C,H,O,N,S)
enzymes are special proteins that
regulate all chemical reactions in
cells
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Nucleic Acids: molecules that store coded
information in cells (C,H,O,N,P)
Directs cells activities and genetic information
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DNA and RNA
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Most are made from elements other than
Carbon
Few atoms in molecules
Needed by organisms to carry out life
functions
H2O, Calcium Phosphate (CaPO4),
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) , Sodium bicarbonate
(NaCO3)
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Life thought to began in water
Living organisms are composed of at least
50% water and depends on water to live
Water necessary for plants to grow and live
Chemical reactions in living things takes
place in water solutions and materials are
moved in water solutions in cells
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Water atoms are arranged so that there is a
negative and positive area on the molecule
These positive and negative poles causes it to
act like a magnet to other water molecules
A strong film is formed allowing small insects
to walk on water
When heat is added to water, water molecules
are so strongly attached to each other the
temperature changes slowly and acts like an
insulator (constant temperature inside cells)
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When water freezes, ice crystal forms, and the
spacing between molecules remain constant
Distance between molecules in frozen states
is farther apart, ice floats
Water freezes from top down and provides an
insulation from extremely cold temperatures
allowing organisms to survive in cold water
under ice
 Passive
Transport or Active
Transport
 Endocytosisi
or Exocytosis
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Cell membrane acts like a screen to allow
certain things in or out of cell
When no energy is required to transport
material across the cell membrane it is called
passive transport
There are 3 methods materials are moved
through the cell : diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion
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Movement of molecules from areas of greater
concentrations to areas of less concentrations
is called diffusion
Smoke moving in a room
Movement of molecules continue until
equilibrium is met (evenly distributed)
Diffusion of oxygen in blood is moved into
red blood cells in lungs and deposited in your
toes.
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Diffusion of water across cell membrane is
osmosis
Plant cells will become limp if placed in salt
water
Animal cells will swell up in presence of
water and will burst if too much water enters
the cell
Sugar molecules are large and need transport
proteins to help them enter cells
Facilitated diffusion is the process of passive
transport that allows large molecules to
pass through cell membrane
Transport proteins help cells allow large
molecules like sugar molecules in without
using energy as it crosses cell membrane
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Active transport is the movement of
molecules across the cell membrane that
requires energy
◦ Roots of plants always take in minerals
into cells already high in concentration
(this is opposite of diffusion)
◦ Requires energy to get them into cells
◦ Transport protein is required to move
across cell membrane
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Process of allowing substances into a cell by
surrounding it with the cell is called
endocytosis
◦ Finger stuffed in balloon is an example of
a cell surrounding a substance
Vesicles are formed when cell membrane
folds in on itself: they then are moved and
stored in cells to be used
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Opposite of endocytosis
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Large materials are removed from cells
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Materials are packaged in vesticles and fuse
with cell membrane and are diffused through
cell membrane out of cell
Cells in your stomach release chemicals that
help digest food
Page 259 reference
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio02.swf
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Trapping and using energy
◦ Photosynthesis
◦ Producing carbohydrates
◦ Storing carbohydrates
◦ Cellular respiration
◦ Breaking down carbohydrates
◦ Fermentation
◦ Related processes
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Metabolism is the total of all the chemical
reactions that take place in organisms
Enzymes are needed to allow organisms to
utilize food. They help make food usable
Enzymes causes larger molecules to break
down into smaller molecules and enzymes
are still available to break down other large
molecules (page 261)
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Producers (plants) produce their own food
using the sun and storing the food in form of
sugars and carbohydrates
Releases oxygen as a by product
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Plants have organelles called chloroplast that
carry green pigment called chlorophyll that
captures the suns energy and transforms it to
food that stores energy in chemical bonds
Carbohydrates and sugars are produced by
the plants
Oxygen is given off
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Plants utilize sun to produce glucose C6H12O6
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During photosynthesis, more food is
produced than used for energy and it is
stored as carbohydrates and starches
Animals eat plants and break down these
chemical bonds of carbohydrates and
starches to get their energy
During cellular respiration chemical
reactions occur that break down food
into simpler substances and release
their stored energy when the bonds
are broken
 Opposite of photosynthesis as the
product of photosynthesis is the
materials used in cellular respiration
and visa versa:
 Carbon dioxide and water is released
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Fermentation is a process when cells do not
have enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Glucose is broken down and energy is
released in cellular respiration in the
mitochondria
When the demand for energy is too great, the
cytoplasm sometimes break down glucose
When this happens lactic acid is produced
causing burning and soreness in muscles
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Bacteria uses fermentation to produce their
energy
The lactic acid produced produces yogurt and
cheeses
Yeast cells use fermentation that release
alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes in
bread making
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Producers use photosynthesis to produce
food
All living things use respiration or
fermentation to release energy stored in food
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use
each of the other products as their source of
production
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2
Light energy