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Bio 347
Second Exam
November 2, 2004
Name_____________________________
I. Multiple Choice (2 points each, 60 points total)
1. A major disadvantage of passive immunization is that D. interferes with active immunization
A. is ineffective
E. provides short-lived immunity
B. is expensive
2. The major disadvantage of active immunization is that it
A. causes prolonged immunity
D. induces slow onset of immunity
B. induces rapid onset of immunity
E. causes serum sickness
3. Pathogens suitable for use in modified live vaccines are produced by:
A. hybridization
C. attenuation
B. synthetic peptides
D. genetic recombination
4. Major changes in the antigenic structure of influenza viruses are called
A. antigenic variation
C. antigenic shift
B. signal transduction
D. antigenic drift
5. The most important cells involved in the destruction of virus-infected cells are
A. B cells
D. T helper cells
B. macrophages
E. cytotoxic T cells
C. NK cells
6. The main defect that occurs in combined immunodeficiency is loss of
A. T and NK cells
D. T helper and cytotoxic T cells
B. B and T cells
E. eosinophils and neutrophils
C. neutrophils and macrophages
7. Which strain of mice fails to develop a thymus?
A. New Zealand white
B. Balb/c
C. lpr
D. NZB
E. nude
8. An inherited failure to develop a functioning immune system is called
A. primary immunodeficiency
C. acquired immunodeficiency
B. secondary immunodeficiency
D. X-linked immunodeficiency
9. What component of the HIV envelope is responsible for binding to T cells?
A. CD4
D. p24
B. CD8
E. p17
C. gp120
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10. Clinical deterioration seen in AIDS patients is due to loss of which cell type?
A. cytotoxic T cells
D. T helper cells
B. macrophages
E. neutrophils
C. nerve cells
11. The most important reason why a vaccine against AIDS is exceedingly difficult to produce is that the
virus
A. is drug resistant
E. can down-regulate host MHC genes
B. induces tolerance
F. has a high rate of antigenic variability
C. does not exhibit foreign epitopes
12. High levels of eosinophils in the blood of an individual is suggestive of
A. parasitic disease
D. bacterial disease
B. cancer
E. viral disease
C. autoimmune disease
13.
A.
B.
C.
Oral tolerance (relieved paralysis) was generated in AI mice by feeding the mice ____.
albumin
D. IgG
cytokine IL-2
E. IgM
myelin basic protein
14. Cytokine secreted by T helper 1 cells is:
A. IL-5
B. IL-4
C. IL-2
D. IL-10
E. IL-13
15, The T helper cell population that promotes IgG production is composed primarily of
A. T helper 1 cells
C. Tc cells
B. T helper 2 cells
D. TDH cells
15. CD28 is the ligand (exhibits specific binding) for
A. IL-1
D. B7 molecules
B. MHC class II
E. endotoxin
C. antigen
16, There are ______V gene segments for the TCR beta chain of humans.
A. 3
D. 100
B. 14
E. 300
C. 57
17. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by
A. deficiency in the cell-mediated immune system
B. defect in thymus development
C. an immune response against self
D. antibody-mediated deficiency
E. T cell deficiency
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18. Which of the following is an example of tissue damage in autoimmunity due to "type I
hypersensitivity"?
A. milk allergy in cattle
D. multiple sclerosis
B. autoimmune anemia
E. lupus
C. rheumatoid arthritis
19. Autoimmune diseases
A. occur more often in females than males
B. can be described as organ specific or systemic
C. can be caused by viral infection
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B, and C are correct
20. Experimental autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis can be induced by injecting mice with
A. myelin basic proteins
D. Antigens derived from nerve cells
B. thyroid hormones
E. antigens derived from T cells
C. acetylcholine receptors
21. MLR-lpr/lpr negative autoimmune mice are defective for ____________
A. IL-2 receptors
D. Fas receptors
B. IL-4 receptors
E. TGF-beta receptors
C. TCR receptors
22. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an example of what type of
hypersensitivity?
A. Type I
C. Type III
B. Type II
D. Type IV
23. In designing a vaccine for active immunization all of the answers listed below are important. Which
one is the most important?
A. generate antibody production
C. activate T helper cells
B. activate antigen presenting cells
D. activate NK cells
C. generation of persistent immunological memory response
24. What factor(s) contribute to the low levels of immune responsiveness to Malaria?
A. Plasmodium prevents B cell proliferation
B. Intracellular phases (liver cells and erythrocytes) shield organism from
immune attack
C. Life cycle permits antigenic changes in the cycle, resulting in new antigens
D. B and C are correct
E. A, B and C are correct
25. Use of DNA encoded pathogen epitope vaccines will cause the following to occur.
A. Cellular response to pathogen epitope
B. Humoral response to pathogen epitope
C. The muscle cells to become recognized as an APC and eventually be destroyed by the IRS
D. A and B
E. A, B and C
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26. Hemolytic Anemia seen in Californian children
A. Is an example of Type II hypersensitivity
B. Caused destruction of RBC’s
C. Was attributed to penicillin acting like a hapten
D. A and B
E. A, B, and C
27. Which antibody is most efficient in mediating complement (ag-ab-C') reactions
A. IgG
D. IgA
B. IgE
E. IgM
C. IgD
28. Autoimmune type I diabetes involves
A. Immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
B. Absence of pancreas
C. high levels of insulin in serum
C. elevated pancreatic beta cells
D. Defective insulin receptors
29. Autoimmune diseases are usually inherited as
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Sex linked recessive
C. autosomal dominant
D. A and B
E. None of the above
30. A role for Leptin in autoimmune diseases (most prominent in females) is postulated to be due to
Leptin exhibiting homology to:
A. IL-2
D. IL-9
B. IL-4
E. IL-15
C. IL-7
II. Matching Regarding T Cells (1 point each, 10 points total)
_____1. Thymus
a. marker for progenitor T cells derived from bone marrow
_____2. gamma/delta TCR cells
b. composed of V, J, C gene segments
_____3. alpha/beta TCR cells
c. state of T cell activation
_____4. Thy-1
d. bind to MHC class II molecules
_____5. Clonal expansion
e. represent 90-99% of peripheral T cells
_____6. Clonal anergy
f. site for T cell proliferation and maturation
_____7. TCR alpha chain
g. bind to MHC class I molecules
_____8. TCR beta chain
h. found primarily in several epithelial tissues
_____9. CD4 molecules
i. composed of V, D, J, C gene segments
____10. CD8 molecules
j. state of T cell inactivation
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III. Fill in the blanks with the human autoimmune disease/disorder that best fits the description (1 point
each, 5 points total)
__________________1. Autoantibody to double and single strand DNA
__________________2. destruction of pancreatic beta cells
__________________3. autoantibody to acetylcholine receptor
__________________4. cytotoxic T cell demyelination of nerve cells
__________________5. autoantibody to IgG Fc receptor
IV. Short answers (25 points total)
1. Differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ cells leave the thymus and enter the circulation. Using mice as an
example, diagram, listing all players, to explain positive and negative selection in the thymus resulting
in CD4+ and CD8+ cells. (5 points)
2. Diagram and explain the co-stimulatory signal members on APC’s and T helper cells that are
required for T helper cell activation. What happens if the co-stimulatory signal is absent? (3 points)
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3. When T cell precursors enter the thymus they do not express the T cell receptor (TCR). However,
during T cell differentiation the TCR is expressed on the membrane of thymocytes. Give a description
of the TCR and explain why the action of Recombination Activation Genes encoded proteins are
required for TCR membrane expression. (4 points)
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4. Many infectious agents have developed methods to evade immune cell killing. As an example,
influenza viruses evade immune detection/destruction by changing surface antigens. Describe the two
surface glycoproteins expressed by influenza virus, and using these two surface glycoproteins in your
answer, distinguish between antigenic shift and antigenic drift. (5 points)
5. List and briefly describe five criteria that should be considered when “designing” vaccines (5 points)
6. List and describe 3 defects that could give rise to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (3)
Bonus question (3 points): Why is a decrease in autoimmune diseases and an increase in susceptibility
to infectious disease associated with severe caloric restriction?