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Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Function
I. Cells and Life
A. Cells are too small to be seen without a magnifying device
B. The invention of the microscope in the 1600’s changed people’s ideas about cells
1. Light microscopes can enlarge images 1,500 times
2. Electron microscopes can enlarge images 100,000 times or more
C. The cell theory describes how cells relate to living things.
1. All organisms are made of one or more cells
2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
3. All new cells come from pre-existing cells
D. Scientists agree that all livings have common characteristics.
1. All cells are organized with certain structures performing specialized functions
2. Cells respond to changes in the environment
3. Growth in many-celled organisms usually occur as cell number increases
4. Organisms reproduce and create offspring similar to themselves
5. Organisms maintain their internal environment through homeostasis
6. Cells use energy to transport substances, make new cells, and perform chemical
reactions
E. Atoms and molecules are the building blocks of cells
1. Water has unique properties to help cells with homeostasis and substance transport
2. Cells also contain such basic substances as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
carbohydrates
a. Proteins are composed of folded chains of molecules called amino acids
b. Nucleic acids include DNA, which contains the cell’s genetic information, and
RNA, which is used to make proteins
c. Lipids include fats, which store large amounts of chemical energy
d. Carbohydrates, composed of sugar molecules, store energy for quick release
II. The Cell
A. Cells have different shapes and sizes depending on their function.
1. Every cell has a flexible covering called a cell membrane, which is selectively
permeable
2. Plant, fungi, and some bacteria cells have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane
3. Appendages, such as tail-like flagella or short hairlike cilia, help cells move
4. Inside a cell is the cytoplasm, a thick fluid in which cell structures are suspended
a. Cells have a network of fibers in the cytoplasm called the cytoskeleton
b. The cytoskeleton aids muscle contraction, cell division, movement, and shape
B. Structures in the cell that have specific functions are called organelles
1. The nucleus is the control center of the cell
2. The manufacture of proteins is an important function in cells
a. Proteins are built within ribosomes, which can attach to the endoplasmic
reticulum
b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with ribosomes is called rough ER and is important
for making proteins
c. ER without ribosomes is called smooth ER and is important for making lipids
3. Two kinds of organelles process the energy used by cells
a. Most of the cell’s energy is produced in the mitochondria
b. Organisms that produced their own food manufacture it within chloroplast
4. The Golgi apparatus processes, transports, and stores molecules
a. Vesicles, which carry substances to the cell membrane for release, form from
the Golgi apparatus
b. Small vacuoles store food molecules, water, or waste products
c. An animal cell has a vacuole called lysosome, which stores digestive enzymes.
d. A plant cell has a central vacuole, which stores water and other molecules
C. Cells are classified as prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells
1. Cells without a nucleus or organelles are prokaryotic
a. Prokaryotic organisms, made up of one prokaryotic cell, were the only living
things on Earth for billions of years
b. A prokaryotic cell has a loop of DNA instead of chromosomes
c. Prokaryotes, also known as bacteria, can be harmful or beneficial to humans
d. Bacteria are essential for decomposition and can survive in extreme
environments
2. Cells with a nucleus and other are classified as eukaryotic
a. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists all made up of one or more eukaryotic cells
b. Many scientist suggest that eukaryotes evolved as a result of one prokaryotic
cell becoming part of another prokaryotic cell
III.
Cells and Energy
A. Cellular respiration transforms stored energy in food molecules into usable energy in
molecules celled adenosine trihposphate (ATP)
1. The first step in cellular respiration happens in the cytoplasm, where Glycolysis
breaks down a glucose molecule into two smaller molecules, releasing electrons
2. The second and third steps of cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria
a. The smaller molecules break down into carbon dioxide, releasing more
electrons
b. ATP is produced using the released electrons and water
3. Our muscle cells can release energy through lactic acid fermentation
a. Lactic acid fermentation takes place entirely in the cytoplasm
b. It uses glucose and produces lactic acid and carbon dioxide
c. Lactic acid fermentation is used in the production of cheese and yogurt
4. One-celled fungi called yeast use alcohol to produce energy
B. Some organisms use photosynthesis to make food using a light source
1. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the chloroplast
a. In photosynthesis, light energy, water, and carbon dioxide are used to make
sugar
b. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere during photosynthesis
2. Most organisms use the sugars from photosynthesis, and photosynthesis supplies the
oxygen we breathe