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THE STORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Where does the word Psychology come from? ‘ology’ – Translated ‘the study of…’ Greek word- ‘logos’ = the word To have words, or a conversation about… Psyche – Mind, spirit or soul. ‘Psychology is a conversation about what it means to be human.’ THE STORY OF PSYCHE AND EROS DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Example of ‘smiling face’ to describe behavior, which is watched or observed and mental processes which are inferred. PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE HIPPOCRATES - FATHER OF MEDICINE FOUR FLUIDS- BLOOD, BLACK BILE, YELLOW BILE, PHLEGM SOCRATES- ‘KNOW THYSELF’ ‘THE DEATH OF SOCRATES’ “THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING” PLATO PLATO’S - ‘THE CAVE’ PLATO’S ‘3 PARTS OF THE SOUL’ ARISTOTLE BEST ROUTE TO KNOWLEDGE… Empiricism- Systematic study and observation of the world around us. ARISTOTLE’S FOUR VIRTUES Courage (bravery, confront fear) Temperance –moderation-self-control Wisdom-good sense or judgment. Wisdom: Philos-love combined with Sophia-Wisdom Justice-moderation between selfishness and selflessness. Not equal, but fair THE THREE ISM’S 1. Empiricism 2. Rationalism 3. Materialism Where do we know empiricism from? ARISTOTLE Empiricism is the best route to… Empiricism is the best route to… KNOWLEDGE JOHN LOCKE TABULA RASA RATIONALISM How do you know that what you are experiencing is real? DOUBTING IS THINKING, THINKING = A MIND. CONCLUSION: “I THINK, THEREFORE I AM” Psychology is: the scientific study of behavior (empiricism) and mental processes (inferred, which is rationalism.) We understand the world and psychology through empiricism (by which we take in information through observation and through testing and measuring), and by rationalism (by which we think about what the results of our testing means and what conclusions we can draw about the things we can see and hear.) MATERIALISM Belief that only material- natural or physical causes-are scientific. CHARLES DARWIN GALAPAGOS ISLANDS CONCLUSION: organisms best suited for environment are most likely to survive Natural Selection WHERE DID ALL THE DOG COME FROM? Using empiricism and rationalism, the world to be studied needed to be seen. We cannot use science on things that can’t be seen. PSYCHOLOGY COMES OF AGE 1ST QUESTION: What is consciousness? WILLIAM WUNDT –FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY WUNDT TRIED TO BREAK DOWN MENTAL PROCESSES INTO ITS BASIC ELEMENTS. STRUCTURALISM FATHER OF AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY William James Role of psychology to study function of the mind as the mind adapted to environment (influenced by Darwin) FREUD – PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH Emphasized unconscious over conscience (it is the unconscious conflicts that are the main determinate of our behavior.) ID, EGO, SUPER-EGO BEHAVIORISM – MEASURE OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS Ivan Pavlov and his dogs: JOHN B. WATSON Classical Conditioning: ‘Mind has no role in psychology.’ B.F. SKINNER Operant Conditioning- reward and punishment shape behavior. Difference between classical and operant- who acts first. Classical- world acts first-stimulus=response, operant- you act first, response=stimulus. ALBERT BANDURA- OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING GESTALT (WHOLENESS) APPROACH "THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS" REIFICATION MULTISTABILITY HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY Provides a holistic approach to human existence through investigations of meaning, values, freedom, tragedy, personal responsibility, human potential, spirituality, and self-actualization. It believes that people are inherently good. CARL ROGERS Self-Theory: mental health is the difference between the actual and perceived self. ABRAHAM MASLOW COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Herbert Simon- mind like a computer Albert Ellis- it’s not what happens, it’s what you think about what happens to you. APPROACHES OVERVIEW: Psychoanalytical-shaped from inside or within, born negative or selfish. Behavioral- Shaped by the outside, by the environment-blank slate- we are born neutral. We are a result of the experiences we have had. Cognitive- Shaped from the inside by positive forces.