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Transcript
Neural Integration --Pools of neurons communicate Types of Circuits: a. Divergent--amplifying b. Convergent--concentrating c. Oscillating Reflex Arc Rapid, automatic responses to stimuli Components of reflex arc: Stimulus Receptor--translates stimulus into A.P. Sensory neuron--carries A.P. to CNS Integration center--CNS Motor neuron--carries A.P. to effector (muscle) Effector--executes appropriate response 2 Types of Reflexes: 1. Somatic--skeletal muscles Includes spinal reflexes--stretch, deep tendon, flexor, crossed extensor, superficial 2. Visceral--glands Somatic Reflex 1. Stretch reflex Muscle spindle: embedded in skeletal muscle Spindle (this picture shows the spindle enlarged, but they are tiny and each skeletal muscle contains many of them) When large skeletal muscle is stretched, spindle is also stretched. Stretch irritates sensory nerve fibers. Fire A.P. spinal cord. A.P. to spinal cord At spinal cord, synapse with !-motor neuron, supplying skeletal muscle and antagonist muscle. Stimulated skeletal muscle contracts, the antagonist muscle relaxes. 2. Deep Tendon Reflex-Golgi Tendon Organ--collagen fibers in tendon with sensory nerve endings attached. Synapse in spinal cord. In response to stretch of tendon, GTO is stimulated and A.P. fires off along sensory nerve. Nerve synapses with !-motor neurons of both stretched muscle and antagonistic muscle. Causes relaxation of stretched muscle and contraction of antagonist muscle Prevents tearing 3. Flexor--withdrawal due to painful stimulus 4. Crossed Extensor--ipsilateral (same side) withdrawal and contralateral (opposite side) extension Superficial Reflexes i) Plantar--L4-S2 integrity. Normal = downward flexion of toes. Abn = Babinski sign ii) Abdominal--T8-T12. Normal = umbilicus moves to stimulated side due to abd. muscle contraction Tickle here Scrape bottom of foot in this direction, toes plantar flex