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Transcript
Animal Form and Function are Correlated at all levels of organization -Tissue are groups of cells that have a common structure and function -Tissues are further organized into functional units called organs -Groups of organs that work together make up organ systems Ex.: The digestive, circulatory, and excretory -For animal survival, tissues, organs, and organ systems must act in a coordinated manner Epithelial Tissue -Occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells, covers the body, lines the organs, and acts as a protective barrier -One side of the epithelium is always bound to an underlying supportive surface called th basement membrane -The outside surface is facing either air or fluid environment Connective Tissue -Mainly supports and binds other tissues -It consists of scattered cells within an extracellular matrix -Some connective tissues are cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone, and blood Muscle Tissue -Is responsible for nearly all types of body movement -Muscle filaments are made of the proteins actin and myosin -Muscle fibers contract when they are stimulated by a nerve impulse -Muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue in most animals -There are three types of muscle: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth Nerve Tissue -The functional unit of nervous tissue is the nerve cell or neuron -This tissue senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the body to another part of the body, including to other neurons, glands, muscles, and the brain Two major systems specialize in control and coordination: Endocrine system and Nervous system -In the endocrine system, chemical signals called hormones are released into the blood stream and are broadcast throughout the body -Different hormones cause specific effects, but only in cells with specific receptors for the release hormone -In the nervous system, neurons transmit information between specific locations -Only three types of cells receive nerve impulses: neurons, muscle cells, or endocrine cells Feedback Control Loops maintain the Internal Environment in many Animals -In homeostasis animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment, even when the external environment changes significantly -Homeostatic control systems function by having a set point (like a body temperature to maintain), sensors to detect any stimulus above or below the set point and a physiological response that helps return the body to its set point Negative feedback -The animal responds to the stimulus in a way that reduces the stimulus Ex.: Temperature Positive Feedback -A change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change Homeostasis Gone Wrong -If regulatory feedback mechanisms are altered or breakdown, homeostasis cannot be achieved and this malfunction can cause serious disease in an organism Ex.: Diabetes Mellitus as a result of the nonregulation of insulin in the bloodstream -Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation reflect common ancestry but also show divergence due to adaptation to different environments Thermoregulation -Refers to how animals maintain their internal temperature within a tolerable range -Although all animals use negative feedback mechanisms to regulate thermoregulation (which shows common ancestry) they use a variety of methods to do so based on how they have adapted to their environment (which shows divergence) Endotherms -Animals and birds -Are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism Ectotherms -Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and reptiles -Generate relatively little metabolic heat, gaining most of their heat from external sources Concurrent Exchange -In many birds and mammals, reduction of heat loss relies on concurrent exchange -Heat transfer involves ant-parallel arrangement of blood vessels such as warm blood from the core of the animal, and route to the extremities -Heat that would have been lost to the environment is conserved in the blood returning to the core of the animal