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Biochemistry
Organic vs. Inorganic
Compounds
Organic vs. Inorganic
Compounds
• Organic Compounds: any compound
that contains carbon
– Example: Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates, Lipids, Fats, Nucleic Acids
• Inorganic Compounds: compounds
that do not contain carbon
– Example: Water and ATP (energy
source)
Macromolecules
• “Giant molecules”
• Large compounds built by smaller
compounds
– Macromolecules: also known as POLYMERS
– MONOMERS (Building Blocks): small units
that bond together to make macromolecule
(polymer)
• Split into four compounds:
–
–
–
–
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
• Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
– Single sugar molecule
– Made of Carbon (C),Hydrogen (H),and Oxygen
(O)
– Example: Glucose, Fructose (fruit), Galactose
(milk), Sucrose
– Monosaccharide (simple sugars) form
Polysaccharides
• Function:
– Main source of QUICK/INSTANT ENERGY
in living things
– Used in plants for support (cellulose)
– Primary source of energy in respiration
– Produced in photosynthesis
CARBOHYDRATES
• Instant Energy:
– The breakdown of sugars (glucose) supply
immediate energy for all cell activities (ATP)
• Primary Energy needed in RESPIRATION
• Produced in PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CARBOHYDRATES
• Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates
– Formed from monosaccharides (simple sugars)
– GLYCOGEN: polysaccharide in animals
• Used for energy storage in liver and muscles
– CELLULOSE: polysaccharide in plants
• Give plant cells strength and rigidity
• Ex. wood, paper
• Also Known As: STARCH
Formative Review: Stand Up Sit Down
The name monomer means
giant molecules
small units
There are ____ types of macromolecules: carbs., lipids, and
proteins
three
four
Carbohydrates are used for __________ energy
instant
stored
Glucose is an example of a
monosaccharide
complex sugar
_____________ is a common polysaccharide in animals
glycogen
cellulose
LIPIDS
• Monomer: Fatty acids and Glycerol
– Made mostly of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)
• Function:
– Protection
– Energy storage
– Insulation
LIPIDS
Common Lipids:
–Lard (fat, butter)
–Oils
–Waxes
–Steroids
LIPIDS
• Formation:
– Glycerol combines with three
compounds called fatty acids
Formative Review: Questions
• What’s the difference between saturated
and unsaturated lipids?
• What is the main function of lipids?
• What are three examples of lipids?
• What forms a lipid?
PROTEINS
• Monomer: Amino Acids
• Function :
– Building blocks (bone, muscle, etc.)
– Enzymes (catalyst)
– Help fight disease
• AMINO ACIDS
– Contain: amino group (-NH2),
carboxyl group (-COOH),
R group
– 20 different amino acids found in nature
PROTEINS
• Have four levels of organization
– Primary: amino acid chain
– Secondary: amino acids becomes twisted or
folded
– Tertiary: chain becomes folded
– Quaternary: folded chains are added
PROTEINS
• Makes up Enzymes
– Enzyme: Proteins that control the rate of
reactions by acting as natural catalysts
• Catalyst: substance that speeds up a
reaction
Macromolecule
Digestion
Nucleic Acids
• Monomers: Nucleotides
– Consist of 5-Carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base
– Contain H, O, N, C, and Phosphorus (P)
• Function:
– Store and transmit genetic information (heredity)
• Transcription and Translation
– Genetic Blueprints for living organisms
Nucleic Acides: DNA/RNA
• DNA and RNA: made of nucleotides
– DNA: Stores genetic information
– RNA: Transmits hereditary or genetic
material
Inorganic Compounds
• Inorganic Compounds: compounds
without Carbon
• Examples:
– ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Energy
molecule in living things
– Water: Oxygen molecule combined with
two Hydrogen molecules (H20)
Formative Review: Pat head, Rub tummy
What element does a protein contain that carbs.
and lipids don’t?
Pat head: Carbon
Rub tum: nitrogen
What are the monomers of proteins?
Pat head: amino acids Rub tum: nucleic acids
What essential molecule do proteins make?
Pat head: DNA
Rub tum: Enzymes
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
Pat head: nucleotides
Rub tum: amino acids