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Biochemistry Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds • Organic Compounds: any compound that contains carbon – Example: Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Lipids, Fats, Nucleic Acids • Inorganic Compounds: compounds that do not contain carbon – Example: Water and ATP (energy source) Macromolecules • “Giant molecules” • Large compounds built by smaller compounds – Macromolecules: also known as POLYMERS – MONOMERS (Building Blocks): small units that bond together to make macromolecule (polymer) • Split into four compounds: – – – – CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES • Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) – Single sugar molecule – Made of Carbon (C),Hydrogen (H),and Oxygen (O) – Example: Glucose, Fructose (fruit), Galactose (milk), Sucrose – Monosaccharide (simple sugars) form Polysaccharides • Function: – Main source of QUICK/INSTANT ENERGY in living things – Used in plants for support (cellulose) – Primary source of energy in respiration – Produced in photosynthesis CARBOHYDRATES • Instant Energy: – The breakdown of sugars (glucose) supply immediate energy for all cell activities (ATP) • Primary Energy needed in RESPIRATION • Produced in PHOTOSYNTHESIS CARBOHYDRATES • Polysaccharides: complex carbohydrates – Formed from monosaccharides (simple sugars) – GLYCOGEN: polysaccharide in animals • Used for energy storage in liver and muscles – CELLULOSE: polysaccharide in plants • Give plant cells strength and rigidity • Ex. wood, paper • Also Known As: STARCH Formative Review: Stand Up Sit Down The name monomer means giant molecules small units There are ____ types of macromolecules: carbs., lipids, and proteins three four Carbohydrates are used for __________ energy instant stored Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide complex sugar _____________ is a common polysaccharide in animals glycogen cellulose LIPIDS • Monomer: Fatty acids and Glycerol – Made mostly of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) • Function: – Protection – Energy storage – Insulation LIPIDS Common Lipids: –Lard (fat, butter) –Oils –Waxes –Steroids LIPIDS • Formation: – Glycerol combines with three compounds called fatty acids Formative Review: Questions • What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids? • What is the main function of lipids? • What are three examples of lipids? • What forms a lipid? PROTEINS • Monomer: Amino Acids • Function : – Building blocks (bone, muscle, etc.) – Enzymes (catalyst) – Help fight disease • AMINO ACIDS – Contain: amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), R group – 20 different amino acids found in nature PROTEINS • Have four levels of organization – Primary: amino acid chain – Secondary: amino acids becomes twisted or folded – Tertiary: chain becomes folded – Quaternary: folded chains are added PROTEINS • Makes up Enzymes – Enzyme: Proteins that control the rate of reactions by acting as natural catalysts • Catalyst: substance that speeds up a reaction Macromolecule Digestion Nucleic Acids • Monomers: Nucleotides – Consist of 5-Carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base – Contain H, O, N, C, and Phosphorus (P) • Function: – Store and transmit genetic information (heredity) • Transcription and Translation – Genetic Blueprints for living organisms Nucleic Acides: DNA/RNA • DNA and RNA: made of nucleotides – DNA: Stores genetic information – RNA: Transmits hereditary or genetic material Inorganic Compounds • Inorganic Compounds: compounds without Carbon • Examples: – ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Energy molecule in living things – Water: Oxygen molecule combined with two Hydrogen molecules (H20) Formative Review: Pat head, Rub tummy What element does a protein contain that carbs. and lipids don’t? Pat head: Carbon Rub tum: nitrogen What are the monomers of proteins? Pat head: amino acids Rub tum: nucleic acids What essential molecule do proteins make? Pat head: DNA Rub tum: Enzymes What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Pat head: nucleotides Rub tum: amino acids