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Genetics GENETICS 1-3 name_________________________________________ The branch of biology that deals with ________________ Mendel A great deal of what we know about genetics began with the work of a monk named ________ ___________,. He experimented with sweet ___________________ plants Mendel studied the ______________ of inheritance in pea plants. He chose ______ traits to follow. Vocabulary check: 5-6. The female part of the plant is called the ________________, and the male part of the plant is called the ________________. Self-pollination is when the sperm of a plant fertilizes the egg of the ________________ plant. Cross-pollination is when the sperm of one plant fertilizes the egg of ________________ plant. A plant that always gives the same type of offspring is called ________________________. 7-8 Mendel’s Experiments: P-generation: _______________ x ___________________ F1 generation: F2 generation: 100% __________________ Which two colors did he cross from the F1? 75% ______________ & 25% ___________ Mendel’s Conclusions: 9-10 2. Something is being passed from parent to offspring. He called these “_________________”. 3. Sometimes you ________ see “it” and sometimes you _______ see “it”. 4. 11. If you can see it- it is ________________. 1. If it’s there and you can’t see itit’s__________________. 5. 6. There are ________ versions of these “FACTORS”. 7. Each Version is called an _______________. To show the two version we use a ____________ letter for the dominant (S) version of the trait and __________ case for the recessive version (s) of the trait. Each chromosome has ___________ ___________, but the alleles may be ________________ Alleles are different versions of the _________ gene. Vocab Word: Locus 15. Chromosome Anatomy. 16. We have two copies of all of our chromosomes How did that happen? Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 1 What is a Gene? 19. • A ____________ on the chromosome that codes for a ___________. • There are many versions of each gene- __________. PRACTICE: Homozygous- or Heterozygous- BB: __________ Bb:___________ Tt:___________ 20-21. Rr:___________ VOCABULARY CHECK: GENOTYPES: Homozygous Heterozygous RR:___________ 2 alleles in the pair are __________________ The term “______________” is sometimes used. 2 alleles are __________________ The term “__________” is sometimes used Genotype What the ______________/alleles are Phenotype What the organism __________ like Genetic variation gives rise to differences between individuals that are inherited. For example, our eye color is inherited from our parents. But our phenotype is also affected by environmental variation such as: Climate, diet, physical accidents, culture, lifestyle Many kinds of variation are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, because although our genes decide what characteristics we inherit, our environment affects how these inherited characteristics develop. For example: a person might inherit a tendency to be tall, but a poor diet during childhood will cause poor growth plants may have the potential for strong growth, but if they do not receive sufficient mineral resources from the soil, they may hardly grow at all Identical twins are a good example of the interaction between inheritance and environment; as such twins are genetically the same. Any differences you may see between them – for example in personality, tastes and particular aptitudes – are due to differences in their experience or environment. 23. Question: How did you end up with the traits and genes that you have? A: During ________________, each egg or sperm only gets_____________ ____________ of each chromosome. 24. Mendel’s Laws Law of Dominance Law of Segregation States that the _________________ allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed. The recessive allele will appear when it is ______________ with _____________ recessive allele in the offspring. (separation) States __________ __________ ______________ when gametes (sex cells) are formed Each gamete has only _______ ___________ of each gene pair. (haploid) Law of Independent Assortment States that _______________ ________________ of genes separate ___________________ of each other when gametes are formed. Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 2 27. A Review: 1. A _____________ is a characteristic an individual receives from its parents. 2. _______________carry the instructions responsible for the expression of traits. 3. 4. 5. A ____________ of inherited genes controls a trait. One member of the pair comes from each _______________. Alternative versions of genes are known as ________________. 30: Predicting possible outcomes of a genetic cross 31. Geneticist use punnett squares to determine the probability of a combination of alleles. • For example: If a heterozygous black rabbit is crossed with a heterozygous black rabbit, what are the chances the offspring will be black? B=Black and b=brown ( which one is dominant? _____________) 32. Sample EOC question: Earlobe shape is a human trait. Some people have free earlobes while others have attached earlobes. Two parents with free earlobes have four children. Three children have free earlobes and one child has attached earlobes. If these parents have another child, what is the probability that the child will have attached earlobes? 33. Sample EOC question: In humans, a widow’s peak is dominant over a continuous hairline. Mary’s father has a widow’s peak, but Mary and her mother have a continuous hairline. What is the genotype of Mary’s father? Genetics Vocab #1 Quiz on ___________ 1. Genetics Vocabulary Practice: 2. Phenotype 3. Genotype 4. Chromosome 5. Alleles 6. Diploid 7. Haploid 8. Homozygous 9. Heterozygous 10. Fertilization 11. Pollination 12. Trait 13. Hybrid 14. Gene 15. Locus Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 3 Monohybrid Genetic Crosses: An Activity 1. 2. 3. Turn your cards upside-down, so that you cannot see the letters. Each person should flip over one card at a time. (This represents the fusion of an egg and a sperm.) Every time you flip over a card, write down the results. After to write down the results, return your card to your stack and shuffle them. This needs to be random. a. 1st time____________ b. 2nd time____________ # of times AA? _______ c. 3rd time____________ # of times Aa? ________ d. 4th time____________ # of times aa? ________ e. 5th time____________ Total number of rounds? ________ (times you flipped) f. 6th time ____________ 4. 5. 6. 7. What percentage of time did you get AA? _____________ What percentage of time did you get Aa? _____________ What percentage of time did you get aa? _____________ Create a punnett square showing the cross of you and your partners original genes. 1 partners genes (genotype) here- one letter in each box 8. The other partner’s genes (genotype) here What does a punnett square show? Questions about your punnett square: 9. What percentage of time should you expect to get AA? _____________ 10. What percentage of time should you expect to get Aa? _____________ 11. What percentage of time should you expect to get aa? _____________ Post Activity Questions: 12. How do the results of the punnett square compare to the card flipping activity? 13. What does each square of the punnett square represent? 14. What does monohybrid mean? Extension: 1. 2. 3. Obtain 2 more genes for a different trait (B, b). Turn all 4 of your cards upside down. Each partner should flip one gene from each gene pair. Write down the combination. a. 1st time____________ b. 2nd time____________ c. 3rd time____________ 4. If these were Mendel’s peas and A=tall & a= short, and B= purple & b= white. What would your plants in #3 look like? a. 1st time___________________________ b. 2nd time___________________________ c. 3rd time___________________________ 5. From #3, did the “A” genes predict which “B” gene the offspring would get, or vice versa? Which of Mendel’s laws does this represent? Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 4 Punnett Square Practice Problems (Monohybrid) 1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is a heterozygous (He) OR homozygous (Ho). TT _____ Bb _____ DD _____ Ff _____ tt _____ dd _____ Dd _____ ff _____ Tt _____ bb _____ BB _____ FF _____ Which of the genotypes in #1 would be considered purebred? _______________________________ Which of the genotypes in #1 would be hybrids? __________________________________________ 2. Determine the phenotype for each of the genotype using the information provided. Yellow body color is dominant to blue. YY _________________ Yy _________________ yy _________________ Square shape is dominant to round. SS _________________ Ss _________________ ss _________________ Problems: Problem #1 –Both Matt and his wife are heterozygous for the tall trait. Use a Punnett square to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcome for their children. a. Genetopic ratios? ________________________________ b. Phenotypic ratios? ________________________________ c. What is the chance that they will have a short child? ______ d. What is the chance that their child will also be a heterzygote? _______ Problem #2 - In pea plants, yellow peas are dominant over green peas. Use a Punnett square to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcome (offspring) of a cross between a plant heterozygous/hybrid for yellow peas and a plant homozygous recessive/purebred for green peas. a. Genetopic ratios? ________________________________ b. Phenotypic ratios? ________________________________ Problem #3 - In pea plants, yellow peas are dominant over green peas. Use a Punnett square to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcome (offspring) of a cross between two plants that are both heterozygous for yellow peas. a. Genetopic ratios? ________________________________ b. Phenotypic ratios? ________________________________ Problem #4: In pea plants, spherical seeds (S) are dominant to dented seeds (s). In a genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait, what fraction of the offspring should have spherical seeds? Make a Punnett square in the box to the right. a. What fraction of the offspring should have spherical seeds? ______ b: What fraction will have dented seeds? ______ Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 5 Dihybrid Crosses #1 T=tall, t= short Y=yellow, y = green Cross a heterozygous tall plant that is also heterozygous yellow seeds with another of the same genes. Mom’s genotype: _____________ Dad’s genotype: ______________ Possible gametes from: Mom: ____________________ Dad: _____________________ QUESTION: What are the chances that this cross produces a plant that is short and has yellow seeds? _______ #2 T=tall, t= short Y=yellow, y = green Cross a homozygous tall plant that is heterozygous yellow seeds with another plant that is heterozygous tall and is homozygous for green seeds. Mom’s genotype: _____________ Dad’s genotype: ______________ Possible gametes from: Mom: ____________________ Dad: _____________________ QUESTION: What are the chances that this cross produces a plant that is tall and has green seeds? _____ Dihybrid Cross Example: Use the following procedure to set up a cross: 1. Determine the genotype of the parents. 2. Segregate the alleles to determine the gametes 3. Construct the Punnett square 4. Complete the Punnett square Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 6 Meiosis summary: Meiosis is the process by which gametes (sex cells) are produced. In males, gametes are called sperm, and in females, they are called eggs. Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes in the gamete to one-half the number of chromosomes in the parent’s body cells. When fertilization occurs, the union of two gametes, a zygote is formed. Fertilization restores the original chromosome number in the resulting zygote (new individual). Meiosis occurs in 2 phases, meiosis I & meiosis II. **Meiosis occurs only in the formation of sex cells. This process consists of two cell divisions but only one chromosome replication. · The first meiotic division produces two cells containing half the number of double stranded chromosomes. These are called diploid (2n) cells. · The second meiotic division results in the formation of four cells, each containing half the number of single stranded chromosomes. These are called haploid (1n) cells Sources of Variation during Meiosis The process of meiosis provides the opportunity for the shuffling of chromosomes and the genetic information they contain. The way that the chromosome pairs line up at the equator during meiosis influences how they are distributed to the gametes. For example, Mendel studied the pea plant that has seven pairs of chromosomes. Each of these seven pairs of chromosomes lines up during meiosis in two different ways, producing 128 (27) different combinations of traits. The number of possible combinations will greatly increase as the number of chromosomes increase within a given species. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes. So the number of different kinds of genetic combinations a person can produce is astounding—more than 8 million! When fertilization occurs, 223 x 223 different genetic combinations can occur. That is 70 trillion! Another source of variation during meiosis is crossing over. Crossing over occurs when two chromosomes physically overlap and exchange chromosome material. This process occurs more often on some chromosomes than other chromosomes and changes the DNA sequence within each chromosome. This results in an endless number of different possible genetic combinations. Whether by crossing-over or by independent assortment of homologous chromosomes, the end result is a re-assortment of chromosomes and the genetic information they carry. This is known as genetic recombination. Reading Questions: (answers must come from the reading) 1. What types of cells are made during meiosis? ___________________ 2. What is fertilization? ____________________________________ 3. What is meant by diploid? ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is meant by haploid? ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. List 1.and describe TWO ways the process of meiosis increase genetic diversity (shuffling of chromosomes). 2. _______________________________ Genetics Review __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Fill in the blanks: (Word Bank below) Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, was the first to succeed in predicting how traits are carried from one generation to the next. He used pea plants in his experiments because they reproduce sexually. He was very careful to study one trait at a time to control the variables. He would manipulate flower parts in order to fertilize the female gamete with the male gamete in the desired parent plants. Mendel discovered that when he crossed tall plants with short plants, the first generation of offspring (_________) were all tall. When he let the F1 plants self-pollinate, Mendel found that three-fourths of their offspring (________) were tall and onefourth of the F2 plants were short. The short trait had reappeared in the second generation (F2). Mendel came to the conclusion that each organism has two factors for each of its traits. Mendel called the trait that appeared in the first generation _______________ and the trait that seemed to disappear ________________. Today, scientists call these factors ___________________. Genes are located on the chromosomes and can exist in alternative forms called ___________________. Alleles are found on different copies of chromosomes, one from the female and the other from the male. If the two alleles in a pair are identical, then the trait is called ___________________. If the two alleles are different, then the trait is called ___________________. Genetic crosses that involve one trait are called _________________crosses, while _____________ crosses involve two traits. Outcomes of genetic crosses can be predicted by using the laws of probability. Using a ___________ square will give the possible results of genetic crosses. ***WORD BANK: genes, dominant, F1, F2, dihybrid, monohybrid, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, alleles, punnett 2. List and describe 3 ways that increase genetic diversity in organisms. 1-_____________________________________________________ 2-_____________________________________________________ 3-_____________________________________________________ Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 7 Genetics Web Lab 1. Utah Genetics (animation with sound) Click on: What is Heredity? 1. The passing of traits from parents to a child is the basis of _____________________ 2. Every child receives __________ of its chromosomes from his mother, and _______from his father. 3. When a sperm and egg join, they create a single cell called a __________________________ 4. Each child inherits a ______________ set of chromosomes Click on: What is a Trait? 5. Give an example of a physical trait: ___________________________ 6. A dog fetching a bone is an example of what kind of trait. _____________________________ 7. Scientists describe the set of information for each form of a trait as an ______________________ 2.Meiosis Animation (animation with sound) 1. 2. 3. 4. Watch the animation What went wrong during the 2nd division? _____________________________________________________________ What is this called? ______________________________ If this was the 21st pair of chromosomes, what genetic disorder would this cause? ____________________________ 3. Cells Alive 1. 2. 3. 4. Watch the animation and read the paragraph below (on the screen). What does 2n mean? _________________________ What types of cells in your body are 2n? _________________________ What does n mean? __________________________ What types of cells in your body are n? __________________________ How are the cells at the end different from the cells at the beginning of meiosis? ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Learn Genetics: Utah: Sources of Variation: Scroll to the bottom: 1. What is the Misconception?___________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the Reality (fact)?____________________________________________________________________ On the picture that says “Sources of Variation,” click the right arrow. (turn on CC for extra help) 3. (slide 1) Individuals within all species ____________. (click the right arrow…do this each time to advance to the next slide) 4. (slide 3) Diversity 5. (slide 4) Genes 6. (slide 5) Genes 7. (slide 6) _____________________ 8. (slide 7) Some 9. (slide 8) 10. (slide 13) Skin 11. (slide 16) within a population begins with __________________________. code for __________________ that make up the _________ and carry out its ______________. come in different __________________ ____________________. These genetic variations are the basis of ___________________ within a population. is the primary source of variation. mutations involve ________________________, ______________________ or ______________________ larger chunks of DNA. When are mutations passed along to offspring? ______________________________________________ color is actually controlled by _____________________________ genes. When does recombination happen in sexually reproducing organisms? ____________________________ What 2 events take place to make this recombination happen? 1-_____________________________________ 2-_____________________________________ 12. (slide 18) The random processes of mutations and recombination create _________________________. Selection ensures that _________________________ varation pass to the __________ ______________________, and that harmful mutations and gene combinations are _____________________. Georgia Students will analyze how biological traits passed on to successive generations. c. Usingenable Mendel’s laws, 13. Biology (slide 19)Standards: TogetherSB2. __________________________ and are _____________________________ populations 8to explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability shift over time in response to the changing world. 8 5. Making Bunnies Click Play. Click “View Tutorial” From the tutorial: -Dominant genes are represented with _________________ letters, and Recessive with a _______________- case letter. -In this game, brown fur is ____________________ and white fur is a __________________________ trait. Give the FINAL genotype (Aa) and phenotype (what is looks like) for each of your bunny’s traits. Bunny Name Fur Color Head Shape 6. Punnett Squares: Ear Shape Eye Color Gender 7. Punnett Square Lab 1. Read the introduction and click next. 2. Which is the dominant allele? _________________ 2. Click on the notebook and perform the crosses. 3. What was the answer to the question? ¼, ½, ¾, or All of the time? 4. What number was albino? _________ 5. Which 2 lemmings produced the long tailed albino? ____ & ______ 3. What were the correct offspring genotypes for “Scenario #1?” ________________________________________ 4. What were the correct offspring genotypes for “Scenario #4?” ________________________________________ 5. In “scenario #9,” what genotypes of the parents did you have to use to make all the flies have vestigial (short) wings? __________________________________________________ 1. Click on the TV and watch the video. (close the TV when finished) (click the “reset button until “scenario 1” appears). 8: Independent Assortment (animation with sound) (NOTE: you are watching two ways that the same cell COULD go through meiosis) 1. What are the two main processes that allow cells two create genetically diverse gametes? 1-________________________________________ 2-___________________________________________ 2. A diploid cell contains _____ sets of chromosomes. 3. How one chromosome pair lines up on the plate _________ _______ affect how another pair lines up. (BIG IDEA!!!) 4. Did the 4 gametes for the top cell end up genetically identical to the 4 gametes for the bottom cell? _______ 9: Dihybrid Cross Click “Start Animation” 1. What is a dihybrid cross? _____________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the genotypes of the two parents? (you should have 4 letters each) _________ and _________ 3. What is the genotype for the F1 generation? _________ What are the 4 possible gametes produced by these plants? _____, _____, _____, _____ (2 letters each) 4. When the animation stops, list the genotypes that you had to drag starting in the top left corner…working your way down: ________, ________, ________, ________ 10: Another Dihybrid: 1. What are the dominant phenotypes: height: ____________ color: _____________ 2. The plant is heterozygous for both traits, so what is its genotype? __________ (4letters) 3. What are the 4 possible gametes that this plant can make? _____, _____, _____, _____ (2 letters each) 4. Watch the 16 square Punnett square get filled in. How many of the plants are tall and yellow? _____ 6. How many are tall and green? ________ How many are short and green? ________ Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, 5. How many of the plants are short and yellow? _____in reproductive variability explain the role of meiosis 9 Book Work: On your Own PRACTICE QUESTION: How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different? A. Sexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but asexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. B. Asexual reproduction produces offspring identical to the parents, but sexual reproduction produces offspring with traits from both parents. C. Sexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but asexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms. D. Asexual reproduction only occurs in multicellular organisms, but sexual reproduction only occurs in unicellular organisms. Georgia Biology Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability 10 12