Download 1. Traits are controlled by particles 2. Two genes per trait 3

Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Principles of Heredity
Basics of Heredity: Mendel’s Rules
1. Traits are controlled by particles
2. Two genes per trait
3. Heterozygous vs. Homozygous
4. Law of Dominance
5. Law of Segregation
6. Law of Independent Assortment
2. Two genes per trait
a. Most biologists thought it was a single
gene per trait (in the sperm), but really…
b. One gene from dad and one from mom
c. Trait: general description of what is being
controlled by the genes (e.g. seed color)
d. Phenotype: visible expression of the genes
(e.g. yellow or green)
e. Genotype: Actual genes present
1. Traits are controlled by “particles”
a. The “particles” are solids in the cells
b. “Particles” = genes
c. Genes are…
d. Gene means…
e. Alleles are…
3. Heterozygous vs. Homozygous
a. the 2 genes may be the same
= homozygous e.g. EE or ee
(purebred, true, non-carrier)
b. …or different
= heterozygous e.g. Ee
(hybrid, crossed, mixed breed, carrier)
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4. Law of Dominance
4. Law of Dominance, cont.
a. when it comes to showing up,
some genes are more powerful
than others = Dominant
e.g. E =
or
b. Others only show up if both
genes are recessive
e.g. e =
c. Some more traits:
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Achondroplasia
Antonio
Alfonseca (P)
5. Law of Segregation
4. Law of Dominance, cont.
d. Some traits are inherited as Recessives:
Sickle-cell anemia
Hitchhiker’s Thumb
Albinism
Phenylketylnuria
a. “When gametes are made, the two genes for a
trait separate and each gamete has only one
gene for each trait” This happens in meiosis
b.
Punnett squares:
cross
a. “The way one pair of genes for a trait is
inherited has no effect on any other trait”
a
show the possible
offspring from a
6. Law of Independent Assortment
A
A
a
b. This allows us to examine multiple traits on a single (larger)
Punnett Square. This is called a dihybrid cross and
predicts 2 traits at once.
c. Probability II “The chances of two separate events
happening at the same time equals the product of their
separate probabilities”
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Parent 2: AaBb
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Parent 1: ?? ????
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AaBb
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Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules
d. Solving a Dihybrid Cross
1.
2.
3.
4.
I. Linkage
A. genes for two traits carried on the same chromosome
B. example: Freckles and alleles for red hair
II. Mutations
A. random changes in the genetic code
B. may produce “unexpected” offspring that Mendel
couldn’t account for.
C. Ex: achondroplastic kids (Dd) usually come from
two perfectly normal (dd) parents
Make “Gamete Tree” for both parents
Create Punnett Square
Insert Gametes along top and side
Fill in Punnett Square
Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules
Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules
III. Polygenic
IV. Sex Linkage
A.
Controlled by multiple alleles on different chromosomes.
B.
Best examined at the population level
A. traits specifically carried on (usually) the X
chromosome
C.
Shown as continuous (bell curve) distribution
B. Work like recessive traits (needs 2 alleles to show)
D.
Ex.: human height, skin and hair color.
C. Show up most often in males (XY versus XX
genotype)
IV. Environmental Effects
D. Examples: Hemophilia and Color Blindness
A. some genes are affected by environmental influence
B. example: BRCA1 Breast Cancer Gene
Multiple Alleles & Codominance:
ABO Blood Groups
Exceptions to Mendel’s Rules
V. Codominance
I.
A. two alleles that express themselves equally in the
presence of each other
B. Example: ABO blood grouping, Roan cattle
VI. Multiple Alleles
A. some traits have more than two possible phenotypes
because there are more than just two alleles for the trait
B. This creates multiple combinations of possibility
C. Example: ABO blood grouping
II.
A and B alleles code for glycoproteins
(antigens) on red blood cells which can be
detected immunochemically:
A. mix blood sample with type A or type B
antibodies
B. look for clumping (agglutination) of RBC’s
O allele carries neither antigen
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ABO Blood Groups
III. ABO Genotypes and Phenotypes
A - A antigen only
Genotype
Antigen
Phenotype
IAIA
IAIO
IBIB
IBIO
IAIB
A
A
B
B
A, B
A
AB
IOIO
Neither
O
B - B antigen only
AB - Both A and B antigens
B
O - Neither antigen
Some Important ABO Factoids
IV.
V.
VI.
IA and IB are codominant
Both IA and IB are dominant to IO
Applications
A. testing compatibility of blood transfusions
A.
B.
Who can donate to who?
What happens in case of incompatibility?
Pedigree Analysis
I. Introduction to Pedigrees
A. Background: What is a Pedigree?
“A diagram that shows appearance of phenotypes
for a single trait in a group of related individuals
from one generation to the next.”
B. disproving parentage of a child
C. forensic science
D. childbirthing (Rhogam and hemolytic disease)
Pedigree Analysis
Father 1.
Mother 2.
B. Reading a Pedigree: Symbols
Males (squares or triangles)
Females (circles)
Marriage/Mating
Offspring and Siblings
Shaded or Unshaded
Crossed out
Generation Labels (Roman)
Individual Labels (Arabic)
Birth Order (left to right)
I.
Dead
Marriage line
Siblings
Marriage into family
Oldest Child
Youngest Child
II.
Daughter 1.
Son 2.
Daughter 3.
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Pedigree Analysis
C. Genotypes
Please copy
this pedigree
I-1
I-2
in a Recessive Pedigree
There are some rules to follow:
1. Shaded people are homozygous recessive. Fill
them in as such.
2. Unshaded people are either:
Homozygous Dominant OR Heterozygous
So… Assign one Dominant allele to each person
3. Work one generation at a time to determine the
“unknown” genotypes. NEVER “skip”
generations!!!!!
II-1
II-2
III-1
II-3
II-4
II-5
II-6
III-2 III-3
Pedigree Analysis, continued
II.
Advanced Pedigrees: Unknown Inheritance
A.
B.
C.
First, “flip a coin” i.e. pick a mode ( Dom or Rec)
Assign known genotypes across pedigree
Begin filling in unknowns
D.
E.
F.
Look for anomalies (matings that don’t work)
Try the pedigree again with the other mode of inheritance
Use colored pencils, different ink pens, or different letters
to help you solve
„
Remember to work 1 generation at a time!!! Don’t skip!!!
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