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8/18/16 Chapter Overview The Human Body: An Orientation Chapter 1 – PPT 2 Anatomy & Physiology Overview Levels of Structural Organization Maintaining Life Homeostasis The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Directional Terms Directions always refer to Standard body position the “patient’s” body, not the observer! to give an anatomical reference point Directional terms allow us to explain where one structure is in relation to another. Figure 1.7a Regional Terms Two Divisions of the Body Axial Head, neck trunk Appendicular Appendages or limbs Figure 1.7a Body Planes and Sections Sagittal Plane Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections Midsagittal plane cut directly on the midline Parasagittal plane cut offset of midline 1 8/18/16 Body Planes and Sections Frontal Plane Body Cavities Two internal body cavities Dorsal AKA - Coronal Plane Divides the body into front and back sections Ventral Transverse Plane AKA – Horizontal Plane AKA - Cross Section Cuts body into upper and lower sections Dorsal Cavity Ventral Cavity DORSAL CAVITY Cranial Cavity brain Thoracic Cavity Vertebral Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity lungs spinal cord heart esophagus Abdominal Cavity trachea stomach Pelvic Cavity rectum liver spleen urinary bladder internal reproductive organs gall bladder intestines kidneys adrenals Note: the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from the abdominopelvic cavity pancreas Thoracic Body Cavities Body Cavities Pleural Cavities Contain the lungs Mediastinum Region that contains the heart Pericardial Cavity Portion of the mediastinum that encloses the heart Figure 1.9a 2 8/18/16 Serosa/Serous Membrane Thin double-layered membrane covers walls of cavity and outer surface of organs Parietal serosa - lines walls Visceral serosa - covers organs Serous fluid - Thin layer of lubricating fluid secreted by both membranes Serous Membranes of the Heart Visceral Pericardium Membrane on the surface of the heart (viscera = organ) Parietal Pericardium Membrane lines the cavity Pericardial Cavity Space between the two membranes Serous Membranes of the Lungs Visceral Pleura Membrane on the surface of the lung (viscera = organ) Parietal Pleura Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Organs Visceral Peritoneum Membrane on the surface of the abdominal organs Parietal Peritoneum Membrane lines the cavity Membrane lines the abdominal cavity Pleural Cavity Peritoneal Cavity Space between the two membranes Space between the two membranes Directional Terms 1. Superior = above Inferior = below 2. Anterior = front Posterior = back 3. Ventral = front Dorsal = back 4. Medial = center Lateral = side 5. Cephalad = head Caudal = tail 6. Superficial = surface Deep = internal 7. Proximal = closer to trunk Distal = farther from trunk Proximal/Distal only used when referring to two points on an appendage. 3