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Chapter 35 Immune System and Disease
Goal: To understand how the body fights against pathogens that try to
cause disease
35.1 Infectious Disease
Causes of Infectious Disease

Pasteur and Koch made observations that led them to the
conclusion that disease was caused by __________________. This
was known as the “_______ _______ _____ disease”.

Disease causing organisms include ___________, ____________,
_____________, _______________ and parasites.

Koch’s postulates played a vital role in the development of
modern medicine. Koch used these rule to help identify the
________________ that cause __________________.
List Koch’s Postulates
1.
2.
3.
4.

Not all microorganisms are harmful; many are
either____________ or ___________________.

Pathogenic microorganisms will destroy cells, release
_________________ or block the flow of ______________ to
organs.
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How is Disease Spread?

Coughing and sneezing release thousands of droplets of water
that can be ______________ or ____________ on surfaces.

_______________ contact occurs when a person touches objects
that may have the pathogen on the surface. When the person
brings their hand to their _______________ or eyes the pathogen
is transferred and _______________ the body.

Hand washing and covering your mouth when coughing and
sneezing ______________ the spread of these pathogens.

Some pathogens, like sexually transmitted diseases, need the
exchange of _____________ fluids from host to host. Others
pathogens can be transmitted through blood from
_____________syringes. Preventing the spread of theses
pathogens is simple, abstaining from sexual activity, practicing
__________ sex and avoiding _______________ drugs.

Many pathogens can be spread by drinking _________ or fruit and
______________. When infected persons excrete in a water
supply they can______________ the pathogen to people who
may drink the water. Watering fruits and vegetables with
contaminated water spreads the ______________ to those who
may consume the fruits and vegetables

__________________ refers to the spread of disease from
animals to humans. The spread of these diseases occurs when
humans___________ the infected animal, get
_________________ or live in close proximity to infected animals.
Organisms that carry the zoonotic diseases are called
______________.
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35.2 Defenses against Infection
Nonspecific Defenses

The first line of defense includes your _________,
__________, __________ and ___________. The ____________
provides a barrier to prevent infection, while tears, mucus and
saliva contain______________, an enzyme, which breaks down
bacterial cell walls.

The second line of defense occurs when the pathogen enters the
body. __________________ ______________ occurs because the
pathogen stimulates cells called mast cells to release
______________________. _________________ cause an
increase of blood flow to the area and this brings ____________
blood cells that engulf bacteria, increase_______________,
swelling and _____________.

________________ produce proteins that inhibit the synthesis of
viral proteins and allow time for the ______________ immune
defenses to respond.

A _____________is caused by chemicals released in the body.
Increased body temperature__________ the growth of pathogens
and _________________ up the activity of the immune response.
Specific Defenses: The Immune System

The immune system recognizes all the body’s cells and proteins as
“_________”. Chemical markers act as _______________ so the
immune system will not attack.

Cells that are recognized as “____________” or
“_______________” have molecules called _____________ that
are on the outer surfaces.

The immune system will respond to antigens by ______________
the number of attackers or producing ________________.
Antibodies are ____________ that tag antigens for destruction by
the ___________________ system.
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
The ability to recognize specific pathogens, respond and have a
memory for the pathogen is called an ________________
________________.

The main cells of the immune system are the B ______________
(B cells) and T ________________ (T cells). B cells are produced in
the ___________ ___________ and mature in the ___________
______________ while T cells are produced in the
_____________ ____________ and mature in the _____________
_______________. T cells and B cells fight antigens in the lymph
nodes and _________________.

B cells, with their embedded _________________, will encounter
antigens in body fluids while T cells must be presented with an
antigen by an _____________ cell or ______________ cells.
Draw Figure 35-6 and Figure 35-7
The Immune System in Action
Humoral Immunity

Humoral immune response is activated when _________
embedded on B cells __________ to antigens.

B cells have Y shaped _______________ that bind to specific
antigens. When the antigen binds to the B cell, T cells stimulate
______________ production of two types of B cells;
_____________ cells and _________________ cells.

_______________ cells produce and release antibodies into the
blood stream. They attach to the surface of the antigen and signal
it for _______________ or disable the
antigen.
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
The human body can produce over __________________
different antibodies.

After the infection plasma cells __________ but memory B cells
remain ________________ and can react quickly to the same
pathogen if it enters the body again. ________________ cells can
quickly produce plasma cells in a secondary response to a
pathogen and provide long term ________________ from to
certain diseases.
Make flow chart, of your own, that will help you understand the
Humoral Immune Response
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Cell – Mediated Immunity

When a cell is infected with a pathogen or when a
_____________________ consumes a pathogen, the cell will
display a portion of the antigen on the ______________ of its
membrane. This causes ___________________ to become
activated and they in turn activate more Helper T cells which will
activate more ________________, _____________ T cells and
produce _______________ T cells.

_______________________ hunt and kill infected body cells by
rupturing the cell membrane or initiating ______________
(programmed cell death).

_________________________ remain to protect against any
future infections

_______________________ cells work at inhibiting the immune
response once the infection is under control.

Organ donors must have surface markers that are a
____________ match to the recipient so the recipient’s
_________________cells don’t attack and destroy the
transplanted organ. Recipient still will have to take
_______________ that will supress the ________ _____________
immune response.
Make flow chart, of your own, that will help you understand the Cell –
Mediated Immune Response.
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35. 3 Fighting Infectious Disease
Acquired Immunity

200 years ago Edward Jenner developed the
first________________ by injecting fluid from cowpox into young
boy names James Phipps. James was then exposed to small pox
and did not acquire the disease. Since then injections of
weakened or dead pathogens which then cause an immune
response are known as ____________________.

Vaccines or natural exposure to pathogens that cause an immune
response (production of B cells and Tells) is known as
________________ __________________.

_________________ ________________ is when antibodies are
passed on to another individual through things like breast milk or
through the ______________ from mother to fetus. Other types
of _______________ _____________ can be when antibodies are
injected into the body of an infected person. _____________
________________ is short lived since the foreign antibodies are
destroyed.
Public Health and Medications

Public health initiatives have prevented disease by monitoring
__________ and _____________ supplies, promoting
_________________ and promoting behaviors that prevent
infections.

Medications like ______________ and __________________
drugs have been used to fight pathogens.
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New and Re – Emerging Disease

Recently new emerging diseases have appeared (SARS, AIDS,
Hantavirus, etc.) due to humans moving into new areas and being
exposed to different_______________ and
different__________________. Another reason is the increased
trade of _____________ ______________ which gives
______________ new opportunities to jump from animal to host.

The ___________ ____ __________ has allowed for the evolution
of drug resistant strains of pathogens along with the failure of
some individuals to be ___________________.
35.4 Immune System Disorders
When the Immune System Overreacts

Allergies occur when _________________ enter the body and
cause __________ cells to release ________________ causing an
____________________ response, increased mucus, watery eyes,
runny nose and sneezing.

Allergic reactions in the respiratory system can cause
_________________. Asthma causes the ________________ of
air passages making breathing difficult. Asthma can be triggered
by a number of things.

__________________ diseases occur when the immune system
fails to identify the body’s cells as “__________” and proceeds to
____________ certain cells.
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HIV and AIDS
What are two reasons for HIV being so deadly?
When are HIV – infected people diagnosed with having AIDS?
What are the four ways HIV are transmitted?
Why would having sex with an intravenous drug user increase your risk
of acquiring HIV?
Why haven’t scientists and doctors been able to make a vaccine for
HIV?
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