* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA, Mutations, Chromosomes, and Reproduction Review
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Frameshift mutation wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
DNA, Mutations, Chromosomes, and Reproduction Review DNA: The Genetic Code • Genes – main function is to control the production of proteins in an organism’s cells. – Proteins help to determine the size, shape, color, and many other traits of an organism DNA Structure • DNA structure – 4 Nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). – Form the rungs of the DNA “ladder” – Adenine always binds with Thymine – Guanine always Binds Cytosine • RNA – Thymine is replaced by Uracil – So Adenine binds with Uracil Genes • A section of DNA – Contains the information to code for one specific protein – Made up of a series of bases in a row Making Proteins • During protein synthesis, the cell uses information from a gene on a chromosome to produce a specific protein Mutations • Any change in a gene or chromosome – Can cause a cell to produce an incorrect protein during protein synthesis – The trait or phenotype may be different • Body cell mutations will not be passed on to offspring • If the mutation is in a sex cell, the mutation can be passed on to an offspring and affect the offspring’s phenotype Question • If a cat gets hit by a car and loses a leg, does this mean it will have kittens that are also missing a leg? Effects of Mutations • Introduce changes in an organism – Can be a source of genetic variety – Some are harmful, some are helpful, others are neither helpful nor harmful • A mutation is harmful if it reduces the organism’s chance for survival and reproduction Chromosome Theory of Inheritance • Sutton discovered that sex cells contain half the number of chromosomes as body cells. • One set of alleles comes from the male parent; the second set comes from the female parent • Chromosome theory of inheritance – Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes Mitosis • Mitosis (asexual reproduction) – No change in genetic variability – No genetic loss from meiosis or recombination – Good in stable environments…ones that are NOT always changing – Occurs in body cells – Results in 2 cells – Results in cells with the same # of chromosomes as the original parent cell Meiosis • Sexual Reproduction – Rearranging the genome creates variability – Almost 50% of genetic material is lost during recombination – Good in variable environments…ones that are always changing – Occurs only in sex cells – Results in 4 cells – Results in cells with half the chromosome # as the parent cell