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KNOW WHAT CATEGORY ANY DISORDER FITS INTO Categories of Disorder: 1. Anxiety 2. Mood 3. Dissociative 4. Schizophrenia 5. Personality 6. Somatoform (Not in Book) 7. Facticious (Not in Book) Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders in general refer to disorders that involve persistent and distressing nervousness and apprehension OR maladaptive behaviors which reduce anxiety (defenses against anxiety). General Characteristics of Anxiety: – – – – – – – Constant worrying, fear, or uncertainty Inability to relax Feels inadequate Oversensitive Difficulty concentrating May suffer insomnia Physical symptoms: trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, flushed face Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Scale Activity (Myers 16-7) Anxiety Disorders General Anxiety Disorder: person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal most of the time. Persistent symptoms: sweating, heart racing, dizziness, shaking accompanied by persistent negative feelings and fear…not triggered by specific events. Except for its intensity and duration, there is not much difference between GAD and the regular worries of everyday life (finances, interpersonal problems, work, illness, etc.) Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder: unpredictable, minutes long intense anxiety attack, as if you're going to be killed any second, but no specific, real threat is apparent. “Panic Attacks.” Usually accompanied by chest pain or other frightening sensations. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Obsessions: intrusive thoughts or fears. Compulsions: repetitive behaviors that soothe the fears example of OCD ritual behavior “As Good As it Gets” (YouTube search for OCD As Good as it Gets) Anxiety Disorders What about trying to suppress obsessive thoughts? Might this work as a way to get rid of a person’s OCD? Let’s try it! (Myers – Obsessive Thoughts Lecture) Anxiety Disorders What Are You Afraid Of Activity (Myers 16-9) Anxiety Disorders Phobias: i. Specific: persistent, irrational fear of a specific object of situation. Very common. Spiders, snakes, heights, water, enclosed spaces are all very common phobias. ii. Social: Fear of being embarrassed in public. Example: public speaking iii. Agoraphobia: Fear of public spaces Anxiety Disorders Phobias: Specific Phobias • Triskaidekaphobia Phobias • Santa Claustrophobia Phobia • Trichophobia Anxiety Disorders Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): caused by prolonged or intensely stressful situations, like war or rape. Symptoms: difficulty sleeping, nightmares; anxiety attacks or Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD); intrusive memories; Guilt associated with event; US Military awareness campaign- PTSD & mTBI (mild traumatic brain injury) Anxiety Disorders Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): caused by prolonged or intensely stressful situations, like war or rape. PTSD Activity (Myers 16-8) Anxiety Disorder Tourette’s Syndrome: involves involuntary twitching and the making of unusual sounds. dopamine which helps control movement and norepinephrine, which helps body respond to stress seems to be involved in Tourette’s Syndrome. Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Learning Perspective (Behavioral) 1. Classical Conditioning: ex: rape victim may develop fear of being alone in apartment. 2. Reinforcement (ENCOURAGES behavior): avoiding places you have phobia about rewards you by lessening your anxiety. 3. Observational Learning/Modeling ex: monkeys with snakes. Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Biological Perspective 1. Evolution: certain fears help us survive. 2. Genes: correlations with identical twins and phobias. – – 45% of identical twins (raised together or apart) shared anxiety disorders. Only 15% of fraternal twins (different genes) shared a anxiety disorders 3. Physiology: brain chemistry. Often see increased brain activities in brain areas involving impulse control. Ex: picture overactive frontal lobe activity involved in directing attention. Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Psychoanalytic Perspective • Repressed childhood urges or memories hidden in the unconscious may surface in the form of obsessions, which then lead to compulsions. – Ex. Think of anal retentiveness.