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CHAPTER 35
BIOTECHNOLOGY CAREERS
.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 35 Learning Objectives

Define at least 10 terms relating to
biotechnology.

Identify the function of the biotechnologic
health care team.
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Chapter 35 Learning Objectives

Describe the role of at least five of the
biotechnologic health care team members,
including personal qualities, levels of
education, and credentialing requirements.

Describe the structure, function, and method
of replication of DNA.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 35 Learning Objectives

Describe three research techniques used by
biotechnologists.

Describe at least three ethical concerns that
have been raised since the beginning of DNA
research.
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Careers in Biotechnology

Biotechnology applies scientific and
engineering techniques to the manipulation of
genes of living organisms.

Biotechnology includes a broad range of
improvements that may be applied to plants
or animals and their products.
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Biotechnology Timeline Highlights
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Biotechnology Careers
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Biotechnology Careers:
Educational Costs and Earnings
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Biotechnologist


Applies scientific and engineering techniques
to the manipulation of the genes of living
organisms
Biotechnologists work in




Research
Forensics
Immunology
Teaching
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Biotechnologist

Education


Minimum of a master’s degree but usually holds a
doctoral degree in biotechnology or related field
Biotechnologists are not licensed.
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Biotechnologist Fields of Practice

Medical biotechnologist

Works with the production of antibodies for
diagnosis or treatment of disease
 Works to produce methods and products to treat
diabetes, blood diseases, and heart disease

Research biotechnologist

Supervises the work of associates and assistants
in industry and health care to find better products
and solutions to disorders
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Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. A, Plant hairs.
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Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. B, Plant.
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Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. C, Blood.
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Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. D, Yeast.
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Forensic Biotechnologist
Uses biologic samples, such as hair, skin,
and blood, from a crime scene to identify
suspects
 Education


Associate or bachelor’s degree
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DNA Fingerprinting


Possible because each person has segments
of DNA that carry a specific message unique
to that person
DNA segments can be separated by
electrophoresis.


Process uses natural electrical charge of
molecules.
Biotechnologists can take photographic images of
DNA fragments.
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Electrophoresis
FIGURE 35-2 Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments.
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Biotechnician



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Performs complex procedures of DNA
extraction and cloning
Using computer technology, analyzes data
gathered
Performs routine work of gene manipulation
Education


Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related
field
Research associates need a master’s degree in
biotechnology or related field.
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Assistants in Biotechnology

Performs routine work of gene manipulation

Combining bacteria with nutrients or enzymes
 Photographing projects
 Performing simple tests


Performs laboratory duties, such as cleaning
and sterilizing of glasswork
Education

Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related field
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Geneticist

Studies patterns of inheritance and develops
methods to influence genetic information

May work as counselors for individuals with a
family history of genetic abnormalities
Areas of specialization include human,
medical, molecular, cell, and population
genetics.
 Education


Usually required to have a doctoral degree
 Licensure or certification is not required.
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Biomedical Engineer


Biomedical engineer or bioengineer designs,
develops, and helps maintain instruments
and machines that are used to monitor and
treat disease.
Areas of study

Engineering
 Biophysics
 Bioinstrumentation
 Biothermodynamics
 Biotransport
 Biomechanics
 Biomedical computers
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Biomedical Engineer

Education


Most biomedical engineers have a 4-year
university degree.
Biomedical engineers who work in health
care must be registered.

Licensing is preferred.
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Biotechnologic Developments

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Lasers
Pacemakers
Artificial hearts and kidneys
Biosensors
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Biologic structures that recognize other structures
• Converts information to voltage charge, sound, or light
emission

Robotic surgical instruments

Can visualize the surgery site from a distance
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Support Personnel

Biomedical equipment technician

Inspects and adjusts the equipment used in health
care
 Education
• Usually an associate degree
• An apprenticeship may be required
• Voluntary certification

Bioprocess engineer

Designs and operates the equipment used to
ferment organisms used in biotechnology
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Cell Genetics

Genetic information of humans is found in 23
pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of every
cell.
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Karyotype
FIGURE 35-4 The karyotype may be used to show genetic abnormalities.
(Courtesy Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, N.Y.)
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

DNA is a molecule
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
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By sequencing its components, the characteristics
of living things can be determined.
Two strands of DNA (chains of nucleotides) form a
double helix.
Each human chromosome is made up of 50 to 250
million base pairs.
Replication is the process by which DNA makes
copies of itself.
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DNA
FIGURE 35-5 DNA holds the individual genetic code for each person. Each strand
of DNA is made up of a series of nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides
determines which protein is synthesized. (Courtesy Joan M. Beck.)
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Chromosome

A chromosome is a long chain of DNA.
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On the chromosome, sections of DNA carry genes
(messages).
• Gene found on DNA chain conveys its message by
making protein.
• DNA unfolds and breaks into strands.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) translates the DNA to form a
message.



New mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and joins with more
nucleotide segments (transfer RNA [tRNA]).
The tRNA carries amino acids that combine to form a
protein.
The protein directs a body function or makes up structural
characteristics.
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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
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Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA.
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Mother of the organism contributes all mtDNA to
offspring through the mitochondria in each ovum.
The mtDNA contains 37 genes that encode
proteins involved in cellular respiration.
Mutation of mtDNA can cause several disorders.
• Kearns-Sayre syndrome
• Exercise intolerance
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Pedigree Diagram
FIGURE 35-6 In a pedigree diagram, the females are shown as circles and the males
as squares. The individuals who are shaded have the same mitochondrial DNA.
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Mapped Genes
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DNA Tests
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Human Genome Project (HGP)

Project began in 1990 with goals of
identifying and sequencing of all human
chromosomes (gene mapping).



HGP was completed in 13 years with identification
of approximately 3 billion chemical pairs that make
up human DNA.
Eighty genetic diseases can be identified using
DNA testing.
DNA can be used for newborn screening, prenatal
screening, carrier identification, and forensic
identification
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Pharmacogenomics


Pharmaceutical products are developed with
biotechnology techniques.
Examples include genetically modified food
products.

Edible vaccines
 Therapeutic protein
 Antibodies produced by plants
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Bioinformatics

Combines the disciplines of biology,
computer science, and information
technology to study data, resulting in a large
database of biologic information.

Gene mapping
 DNA analysis
 Protein analysis
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Techniques of Biotechnology

Gene cloning

DNA is isolated from an organism that contains the
desired gene.
 It is purified and fragmented, and the segments are
inserted into plasmids, forming recombinants that are
placed into bacterial host cells.
 Bacteria containing the plasmids grow on an agar
medium, producing a colony of cells containing the
cloned gene.

Cloning organisms

The botanical process involves removing a small
number of meristem cells and, by manipulation,
creating a complete new plant.
 Plants, cattle, tadpoles, and sea urchins have been
cloned.
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Techniques of Biotechnology

Gene splicing (transgenics)

Moving genes from one location to another in the
same or different organism
• An enzyme is used to cut a section of DNA open,
allowing another to take its place in the plasmid.
• Plasmids can be used to introduce new genetic
information.
• Process includes technique of transformation to
produce recombinant DNA.
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Techniques of Biotechnology

Gene therapy
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Uses genes to treat disease such as heart
disease, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease, and
cancer
Gene manipulation

Production of human growth hormone by E. coli
 Using recombinant DNA, E. coli have been
constructed to produce human growth hormone
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Performance Instruction

Determining a genetic fingerprint by removing
the DNA from the nucleus of the cell
• A detergent is used to break the cell membranes
open.
• An enzyme is used to cut the DNA strands into
segments.
• DNA is removed by using a centrifuge to separate
the heavier cell part away from it.
• DNA is placed in a solution for electrophoresis.
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Electrophoresis
FIGURE 35-2 Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Summary

The function of the biotechnology team is to
apply scientific and engineering techniques to
the manipulation of genes.

The role of the biotechnologist is to use gene
manipulation to improve animal and plant
products.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Summary


The structure of DNA is a double helix. It
provides the genetic blueprint for making
proteins. It replicates by splitting in half,
making two strands, and then duplicating
each strand.
Three research techniques used by
biotechnologists are gene cloning, gene
splicing, and gene therapy.
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