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CHAPTER 23
IMAGING CAREERS
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 23 Learning Objectives
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Define at least seven terms relating to
careers in medical imaging.
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Specify the role of selected diagnostic
medical health care workers, including
personal characteristics, levels of education,
and credentialing requirements.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 23 Learning Objectives

Discuss three important developments in the
field of diagnostic imaging.

Identify one imaging technique that does not
use radiation.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Imaging Careers
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Imaging Career: Educational
Costs and Earnings
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Medical Imaging
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Radiologic technologist (radiographer)
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Works under the direction of a radiologist
Transfers and positions patient
Selects the proper technical factors to ensure
quality of radiograph
Administers dye to make the internal body parts
visible
Education
• 2 years of education is average
• 38 states require certification
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Radiology Job Opportunities
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Radiology job opportunities are found in
hospitals, radiologic services of physicians’
offices, and privately owned facilities.
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Radiologic jobs involve some hazard of
radiation exposure.
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Workers wear a film badge that records the level
of exposure to radiologic materials.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Radiology Job Opportunities
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Educational requirements
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Strong background in human anatomy and
physiology
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Programs of study
• Requires 1 to 4 years (2 years is the most common)
• Radiology technologists are required to have a
college or university degree.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Radiologic Specialties
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Nuclear medicine technologist (NMT)
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Prepares and administers radioactive compounds
Participates in research activities
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine
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Diagnostic nuclear medicine scans are
obtained for the
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Heart
 Brain
 Thyroid
 Lung
 Bone
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Radiologic Specialties
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Ultrasound technologist
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Obtains two-dimensional images of internal
organs
 Specialties
• Obstetrics and gynecology
• Abdominal ultrasound studies
• Neurosonography
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Medical Imaging
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Radiologic physicist
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Assists a physician with the care of patients,
equipment selection, quality control, teaching, and
radiation safety
Education
• Master’s degree or doctorate in medical physics or
a related discipline
• A 2- to 3-year postgraduate program or clinical
medical physics residency program
• Certification by the American Board of Radiology
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Medical Imaging
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Medical dosimetrist
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Works under the supervision of a medical
physicist
 Calculates and plans radiation doses to treat
cancer
 Education
• Varies but must include mathematics and physics
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) technician
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Attaches electrode leads or pads on the patient to
monitor or test the action of the heart
 Education
• Community college or vocational program or onthe-job training
• Specialized training
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Cardiac catheterization
Echocardiography
Continuous monitoring
Blood flow studies
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Medical Imaging
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Electroencephalographic (EEG) technologists
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Measure the electrical activity of the brain to aid in
diagnosis of disorders
• Place electrode instrument on patient
• Monitor patient during testing
• Adjust EEG machine
Education
• 1 to 2 years of training
• May seek registration after completing program
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895.
Contrast agents were developed by
pharmacists.
By the 1950s, radioactive isotopes were
being used to diagnose disorders.
Currently, more than 100 tests use
radiographs.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Mammography
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Radiograph of the breast to detect cancer
• Interpreted by a radiologist
• Digital mammography: technique for recording
radiograph images in computer code
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Allows examination of all areas of the breast with
various tissue densities
Computed tomography (CT)
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Links the use of computers with radiographic
procedures
Provides cross-sectional views of the whole body
instead of just one region
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Content Instruction
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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PET scan shows the metabolic activities of the
body and its structure.
Radioactive biochemical (glucose or nitrogen) is
inhaled or ingested by the patient.
• Computer produces colored images that depend on
the amount of gamma rays produced.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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MRI uses a strong magnetic field, radio waves,
and a computer but does not use ionizing
radioactivity.
The nuclei of some atoms (e.g., hydrogen) in cells
align with the magnetic field.
Applied radiofrequencies bounce off in particular
ways and are interpreted by the computer to
produce detailed pictures (images).
It is used for diagnosing brain and spine
pathology.
MRI can be done with the patient in an open or
closed machine.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
FIGURE 23-5 A magnetic resonance imaging machine.
(Courtesy Siemens Medical Systems, Malvern, Pa.)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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MRI of Lymph Nodes
FIGURE 23-6 Three dimensional MRI of the lymph nodes. (From Patton KT,
Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & Physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Correct Positioning
FIGURE 23-8 Correct positioning is important to ensure that radiographs provide the best image
possible. A, Chest. B, Spine. C, Chest. D, Ankle. (Courtesy Swissray International Inc., Elmsford, N.Y.)
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
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Technique that allows noninvasive measurement
of cerebral functions
• Spectrograph detects the near-infrared light that
penetrates the skull and brain
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Digital radiography (DR or DX)
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Emerging technique used to reduce time needed
for and the expense of processing film
• Contrast is better
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Content Instruction
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Bone density scans, or dual-energy x-ray
absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA)
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Enhanced x-ray method used to detect bone loss
Performed on the lower spine and hips
Interventional radiology
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Small tubes or catheters are inserted into the
blood vessels to correct abnormalities.
• In balloon angioplasty, radiographic contrast media
is injected into diseased arteries to see vascular
structures.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Performance Instruction
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Imaging involves use of radiation
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Exposure is monitored and regulated by federal
government.
Entry-level workers do not usually participate
directly with procedures that require radiation.
Radiography assistants help to move or position
patients for examinations or treatments involving
radiation.
Assistants may also perform loading and
processing of films.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Summary
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Medical imaging careers include the
radiologist, nuclear medicine technologist,
and sonographer.
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Workers in medical imaging must be reliable,
have mechanical aptitude, and possess good
communication skills.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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Summary
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Developments in diagnostic imaging include
near-infrared spectroscopy, digital radiology,
and interventional radiology.
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One imaging technique that does not use
ionizing radiation is MRI.
Copyright © 2012, 2007, 2003, 1997, 1991 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
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