Download Chem 150: Review for Ch

Chem 150: Review for Ch. 12
These are the materials that you need to know in Ch. 12 for exam #3. If you know these materials you will
be well prepared for exam #3 in the carbohydrates.
I. Monosaccharide – what does this term mean?
Terms and Structures:
-You only need to memorize HOW to draw these molecules in this ch. 12: glyceraldehyde, glucose,
fructose and ribose. Be able to draw these structures in linear forms using the Fisher projection and the
cyclic forms. Can you tell if a sugar molecule has a D- or a L- configuration when drawn in the Fisher
projection?
- Stereoisomers – What give rise to stereoisomers? When does a carbon becomes a “chiral carbon”? When
it is a non-chiral carbon?
- Know these terms: chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon, mirror image molecules, enantiomers, aldose,
ketose, aldohexose, ketopentose, pyranose ring, furanose ring.
-Do the pair of enantiomers or mirror image molecules superimpose?
- If I give you one enantiomer, say of glucose, can you draw me the other enantiomer that is the mirror
image of the one I give you?
- Which sugars form the 6-member ring, and which ones form the 5-member ring? (These sugars here:
Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, 2-deoxyribose.)
Biological Roles or Purposes:
-What is the purpose of Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, 2-Deoxyribose? Which of these four sugars is the main
molecule for fuel for our body?
II. Disaccharide – what does this term mean?
Terms and Structures:
- Know these: maltose, cellobiose, lactose, sucrose. What is the composition of maltose, cellobiose,
lactose, and sucrose? What type of glycosidic bond exists in maltose, cellobiose, and lactose?
- Can you tell what type of glycosidic bond exists in each disaccharide when you see the structure of the
disaccharide presented to you?
Biological Roles:
- What is the purpose of maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose? In what polysaccharide is each one
found in?
III. Polysaccharide – what does this term mean?
Terms and Structures:
- Know these terms: starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, chitin.
- What kind of monosaccharides or disaccharides are present in amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, and
cellubose and chitin?
-If you see the structure of a polysaccharide drawn for you, can you tell what type of glycosidic bonds are
present?
- How does the structure of amylose different compare to amylopectin and glycogen?
- How similar is the structure of amylopectin and glycogen? What is the difference in the structure
between amylopectin and glycogen?
- What type of glycosidic bond is present in cellulose and chitin?
(You don’t have to know how to draw the structures of the polysaccharides.)
Biological Roles:
- What is the biological role of each of these: amylose, amylopectin, glycogen?
- What is the biological role of cellulose and chitin?
- Which polysaccharide is found as the lubricating fluid of the joint and as the vetrous humor of the eye?
Which one is a blood anticoagulant?
Ch. 13: Study Guide
13.1: Amino acid (aa) structures
- Know how to draw the general structure of the aa (NOT the specific structure of each aa), Greek letter
assignments of the carbon atoms on the side chain, Groups bonded to the alpha carbon and functional
groups on the alpha carbon, D- and L-amino acid.
- How many common aa’s are there? One-letter and three-letter symbols of aa’s (you don’t need to
memorize these letters, but just be aware that these two types of symbols are used).
- structure of aa in water at neutral pH, in acidic pH, and in basic pH; structure of the zwitterions; what is
the net charge or charges on the aa at low pH, at neutral pH and at high pH.
- Classification of aa’s: non-polar (hydrophobic), neutral polar (hydrophilic), acidic, basic, aromatic. aa’s
are classified based on what properties?
- What is one main purpose of the aa’s?
13.2: Peptide
- What groups react to give a peptide bond? What is a peptide bond? How do I recognize it? What is a
peptide? Can you find the peptide bond on a peptide?
-Peptide Structure:
Terms: N-terminus, C-terminus, amino terminus, carboxyl terminus, side chain, backbone, peptide bond,
carbonyl group, residue, dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide, oligopeptide.
-Can you tell what does Ala-Gly-Ser mean? Which is the N-terminal residue, C-terminal residue? How
would you name this peptide?
13.4: Polypeptide and Protein
- what is an oligopeptide? what is a polypeptide? How do you recognize a polypeptide?
- what is a protein? Globular protein, fribrous protein (what kind did we study?); how do you distinguish
between a polypeptide and a protein?
Levels of Protein Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Do you know the
meaning of each term? Can you describe each type of structure?
Terms: random structure, alpha-helix, beta-sheet, parallel b-sheet and anti-parallel b-sheet.
Non-Covalent Interactions in Proteins: disulfide bond, salt bridge, H-bond, hydrophobic interaction; what
is the purpose of these non-covalent interactions?
13.5: Protein Denaturation: What is denaturation of protein? What happens to a protein when it is
denatured? Name a few things or conditions that will cause proteins to denature?
13.6: Enzymes: What is an enzyme? What is the purpose of an enzyme?
Terms: enzyme, substrate, product, active site, inhibitor (E, S, P, I); enzyme inhibition; enzyme reaction
mechanisms.
- What happens when an enzyme is mutated at the active site? What happens when an enzyme is inhibited?
Can certain enzyme inhibitors be used as drugs? Why?
Ch 14 Study Guide:
I. Nucleic acid building blocks (mononucleosides = single nucleoside molecules)
Terms: phosphate, ribose, deoxyribose, base.
Nucleoside, nucleotide; what is a nucleoside? What is a nucleotide?
Where are the bonding sites that connect the sugar, phosphate and base together to form a nucleotide?
II. Dinucleotide, oligonucleotide, polynucleotide:
What is a dinucleotide? Where are the bonding sites that connect the sugar, phosphate and base together to
form a nucleotide?
What is an oligonucleotide? What is a polynucleotide? What is the backbone of the polynucleotide? What
is the 5’-end and 3’-end of a nucleic acid strand?
What bases are used in RNA, and those in DNA? What sugar is used in RNA, and the one in DNA? Can
you distinguish between a polynucleotide that is from DNA versus one that is from RNA? (How can you
tell? What do you look for?)
III. DNA structure
Primary structure, secondary structure and tertiary structure of DNA. What structure does each one refer
to? Can you describe each one?
What does a double helix DNA look like? Where are the two backbones? Where are the bases? What is
base-pairing? Which base pair with which other one (complimentrary base-pairing)?
III. DNA Replication
What is Replication? In general how does it work? What main molecules and enzymes are involved in
Replication? What is the product from Replication?
DNA replication is semi-conservative; explain semi-conservative
IV. RNA transcription
What is transcription? In general how does it work? What main molecules and enzymes are involved in
transcription? What is the product from transcription?
How many main types of RNA’s are there? Describe each type and state its function.
V. Translation
What is Translation? In general how does it work? What main molecules and enzymes are involved in
Translation? What is the product from Translation?
Terms: Codon, anti-codon, genetic code, can you read the genetic code and get the sequence of the
polypeptide?