Download CH 3 Biochemistry - Belle Vernon Area School District

CH 3 Biochemistry
Water
• Water’s Polarity
Molecules that have an unequal
distribution of charges are called polar
molecules.
Polarity is the property of having two
opposite poles.
A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction
involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine,
oxygen, or nitrogen atom.
Water
Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bond
attraction between two water molecules.
Cohesion
water’s ability to stick to itself.
Adhesion
water’s ability to stick to other things.
Water characteristics
• High heat capacity – temperature changes
slowly.
• Water is a solvent.
• Ice can float.
• Water is cohesive & adhesive.
Review
• Describe the structure of a water molecule.
• How do polar compounds differ from
nonpolar compounds?
• What happens to ions when they are mixed in
water?
• Define cohesion and adhesion.
The Building Blocks of Life
• Organic Chemistry
• The element carbon
is a component of
almost all biological
molecules.
• Carbon has four electrons in its outermost
energy level.
• One carbon atom can form four covalent
bonds with other atoms.
• Carbon compounds can be in the shape of
straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Formation of polymers from
monomers
• Condensation or dehydration reaction.
– Water is being formed when two reactants form a
product
Breaking down of polymers into
monomers
• Hydrolysis
Water is being added to the reactants to
form the products.
Macromolecules
• Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon
molecules.
• Macromolecules are large molecules formed
by joining smaller organic molecules together.
• Polymers are molecules made from repeating
units of identical or nearly identical
compounds linked together by a series of
covalent bonds.
Review
• What is an organic molecule?
• What property allows carbon compounds to
exist in a number of forms?
• How do polymers form?
Carbohydrates
• Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—
(CH2O)n
Carbohydrates
• Function of carbohydrates:
– Quick energy
• Building blocks of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides
• Two monosaccharides joined together form a
disaccharide.
• Polysaccharides
Longer carbohydrate, ex starch.
Review
• Define the following
monosaccharide, diaccharide, and
polysaccharide.
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Where is energy stored in carbohydrates?
Lipids
Function
Long term energy, insulation, protection
All lipids do not dissolve in water.
Building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
Types of lipid
trigylcerides
phosopholipids
steroids
waxes and oils
Lipids
• A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature
and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.
• Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds
between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.
• Lipids that have at least one double bond between
carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated
fats.
• Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are
called polyunsaturated fats.
Review
• What is the function of lipids?
• What are the building blocks of lipids?
• Name at least two types of lipids.
Proteins
• A compound made of small carbon
compounds called amino acids.
• Amino acids are small compounds that are
made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen,
and sometimes sulfur.
Proteins
• Function
– Building blocks of living
things
– Can be enzymes – a
biocatalysts that speed
up chemical reactions
without changing the
outcome of the reaction.
– Enzymes are specific to a
substrate.
Proteins
• Amino acids have a central carbon atom.
• One of the four carbon bonds is with
hydrogen.
• The other three bonds are with an amino
group
(–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH),
and a variable group (–R).
Proteins
• The number and the order in which the amino
acids are joined define the protein’s primary
structure.
• After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds
into a unique three-dimensional shape, which
is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a
helix or a pleat.
Review
• What are the building blocks of proteins?
• What the two secondary structures that
proteins can form?
• Define an enzyme.
Nucleic acids
• Function
Stores genetic information
Stores energy
• Building blocks
nucleotides
1. phosphate
2. pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
3. Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,
thymies, uracil)
Found in
DNA
RNA
ATP
Nucleic acids
• Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules
that store and transmit genetic information.
• Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating
subunits called nucleotides, composed of
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and
hydrogen atoms.
Review
• What is the function of nucleic acids?
• What are the building blocks of nucleic acids
• What are the parts of the building blocks?