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General Psychology PSY 201 Instructor: Ms. T. Gumbs PSY 201 Website & Course Textbook My website: ◦ Blog: http://msgumbspsy201.wordpress.com/ ◦ Email: [email protected] Psychology: Concepts and Connections, 10th edition by Spencer Rathus Determinism v. Free Will Do you believe in determinism, (i.e., your is life determined by outside forces?) or Do you believe in free will? What can science hope to reveal if the world is not determined? CH. 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Pseudopsychologies Pseudopsychologies are unreliable approaches that do not use the scientific method Examples of pseudopsychologies include: ◦ Phrenology: attempt to assess personality by examining one’s head ◦ Astrology: system that tries to relate personality to the movement of the stars ◦ Palmistry: idea that reading a person’s character from the lines on their palms What Is Psychology? The Study of Psychology • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes • Psychology employs scientific research • Psychology values empirical evidence • Psychology employs critical thinking Where did Psychology Come From? Ancient Greek philosophers ◦ Aristostle - wrote Peri Psyches “About the Psyche” Human behavior subject to rules & laws like nature Seed of consciousness in the heart not the head ◦ Democritus-suggested thinking of behavior in terms of mind & body ◦ Socrates-advised to “Know thyself” Reliable self-knowledge not attained through the senses but through introspection (i.e., careful observation) 4 Goals of Psychology 1. Description identifies and classifies behaviors and mental processes using careful observations 2. Explanation proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes 3. Prediction allows for specification of the conditions under which a behavior will occur or not 4. Control (Influence) uses the results of research to solve practical problems Historical Schools of Psychological Thought Structuralist Functionalist Psychodynamic (a.k.a. Psychoanalytic) Behaviorist Humanist Wilhelm Wundt (standing, with gray beard) and colleagues 1880 Structuralism (late 19th century) Wilhelm Wundt “father of psychology” ◦ Disgusted w/phrenology ◦ set up 1st psychology lab to study consciousness in Leipzig, Germany (1879) ◦ observed various stimuli, physical energies that evokes a response people & animals (eg. lights & sound) ◦ used introspection, “looking inward” to examine his reaction to stimuli ◦ called his approach experimental selfobservation, which combined trained introspection with objective measurement Structuralism (late 19th century) Edward B. Titchener-carried Wundt’s ideas to the US (1890s), where it was called… Structuralism-concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements ◦ Focus: studying the structure of the mind Problems: ◦ structuralists hardly agreed ◦ Cannot prove/disprove introspection Functionalism (early 20th century) Functionalism-concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment ◦ Focus: the function of the mind Charles Darwin-evolutionary theory ◦ Contributions: Increased animal use in psychological experiments William James- “First True American Psychologist” ◦ theory: “stream of consciousness” ◦ Contributions: Study of children, animals, and mentally impaired Study of educational practices, individual practices and workplace adaptation Early Pioneers of Psychology Structuralists focused on sensations and perceptual experiences “structure of the mind” Functionalists investigated functions of mental processes in adapting to the environment “function of the mind” Behaviorism (most influential until 1960s & influential today) challenged functionalism No need to study mental processes emphasized the study of overt behavior objective and measurable behaviors ◦ John B Watson-explained behavior as learned reactions to certain stimuli as a result of conditioning (discovered by Pavlov-1880s) ◦ B.F. Skinner-explained that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences Contribution: ◦ Helped separate psychology from philosophy ◦ Respected as a science Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud-Austrian doctor ◦ believed our behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires (dark view of humans) ◦ Contribution: Psychoanalysis-a “talking therapy” where the psychologist explores the thoughts of patients (early1900s) Importance of childhood experiences Humanism (late 1930s & influential today) Humanism- a positive view of humans ◦ Stresses free will & inner-self (unlike behaviorism) and private subjective experience ◦ Less concerned about the scientific aspect, more concerned with human potential ◦ Psychological needs for love, belonging, self-esteem, & spirituality ◦ Abraham Maslow developed the concept of self-actualization, reaching one’s full potential Other Modern Perspectives • • Cognitive psychology focuses on mental function and reasoning (1950s-today) • Gestalt psychology emphasized perception; the notion that the whole is more than the sum of the parts • Biopsychology views behavior as reflecting brain processes (1800s & major impact today) Evolutionary psychology asserts that certain behavioral characteristics are subject to natural selection (late 1800s-today) • Sociocultural psychology examines the influence of culture and ethnic practice on people’s behavior (1930s-today; ethics crisis in 1970s) Psychological Perspectives I Directions: Classify each of the following explanations of depression as representative of (a) behaviorism, (b) psychoanalysis, (c) humanistic psychology, or (d) cognitive psychology AND explain why you chose your answer for that particular scenario 1. Depression is the result of faulty thinking. …. 2. People feel depressed because of the way others respond to them when they express sad feelings…. 3. Depression comes from a lack of confidence in one’s own inner self…. 4. Depression grows out of emotions, conflicts, and unpleasant experiences that are buried in the unconscious mind…. Areas of Psychology • • Clinical Psychologists Counseling Psychologists • Educational Psychologists • • School Psychologists Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists • Developmental Psychologists • • Social psychologists Health Psychologists Consumer Psychologists • • Forensic Psychologists Sport Psychologists Psychology Degrees By Area “Psych humor” “Psych humor” “Psych humor” Humanistic perspective Who’s Who of Psychology Late 19th century Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) p. 10 ◦ What is he known as? ◦ Which school of thought does he belong to? Charles Darwin (1809-1882) ◦ What theory is he known for? ◦ How does his theory relate to behavior? ◦ Which school of thought? William James (1842-1910) p. 11 ◦ Known as the “1st True American Psychologist” ◦ Author of first modern psychology textbook Principles of Psychology ◦ Which school of thought? Who’s Who of Psychology Early 20th century Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) p. 10 ◦ Which school of thought does he belong to? ◦ What therapy technique is he known for? Mary Calkins (1863-1930) p. 21 ◦ Attended Harvard University as a “guest student” ◦ Completed all her requirements for Ph.D. at Harvard University, but was denied her degree ◦ Pioneer in memory research John B. Watson (1878-1958) p. 12 ◦ Which school of thought? ◦ “Little Albert” experiment ◦ Theory: behavior is a set of learned reactions to the environment (classical conditioning) Who’s Who of Psychology Early-Mid 20th century B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) ◦ Which school of thought? ◦ Theory: behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences (operant conditioning) Frances Cecil Sumner (1895-1954) ◦ Father of Black Psychology ◦ (1920) first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology Abraham Maslow (1908-1990) ◦ Which school of thought? ◦ Theory: self actualization Black Psychology Frances Cecil Sumner ◦ Father of Black Psychology ◦ 1920-first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology ◦ Studied “race psychology” at Clarke University ◦ Chair of Psychology department at Howard University Dr. Kenneth Clark & Mamie Clark p.22 ◦ Doll Test Cultural Differences in Psychology Black Folks Don’t….Go to Therapy Based on your own experiences or people you know, do you agree that “black folks” or other ethnic groups rarely seek therapy? Why do you agree or disagree? Introduction to Psychology Review 1. 2. 3. 4. Psychology is defined as the study of _____. The 4 goals of psychology is to describe, _____, _____, & _____ behavior. What is the difference between behaviorism & humanism? What is the difference between psychodynamic & humanism? 5. Name the following individuals pictured & identify the school of thought and major contributions. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Dr. Kenneth & Mamie Clark Mary Calkins Wilson Sigmund Freud William James Abraham Maslow B.F. Skinner Frances Cecil Sumner John B. Watson Wilhelm Wundt Studying Psychology-SQ3R Survey- skim ◦ To get the “big picture” ◦ Browse chapter outlines, key words & people ◦ Practice with Chapter 1 pg. 1 ◦ To read for understanding ◦ Read sections at a time ◦ Highlight, then take notes Reflect ◦ To make material meaningful ◦ Relate concepts to your experience Question ◦ To read with purpose ◦ Look over chapter questions in the margins ◦ Make up your additional own questions Read Review ◦ To remember ◦ Review notes, charts ◦ Look for quizzes Studying Tips Schedule your study time Establish a Quiet Place, free of distractions Read material BEFORE you come to class Become Active in the learning process OVERlearn, i.e. study beyond the text and your notes Find out what works for you!