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Transcript
Fig. 5-1 Who’s Cool??? Organic Molecules Organic molecules are found in living things. The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic molecules. Organic molecules are macromolecules. 2-3 Hydrocarbon chains can have functional groups that cause the macromolecule to behave in a certain way. (insert text art from top right column of page 31) 2-4 Macromolecules (polymers) are formed from smaller building blocks called monomers. Polymer carbohydrate protein nucleic acid Monomer monosaccharides amino acid nucleotide 2-5 Fig. 5-2a HO 1 2 3 H Short polymer HO Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond HO 1 2 H 3 H2O 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Fig. 5-2b HO 1 2 3 4 Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond HO 1 2 3 (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer H H H2O HO H Carbohydrates Fig. 5-3 Trioses (C3H6O3) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Hexoses (C6H12O6) Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Fructose Fig. 5-4 Glucose as a Monomer (a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure Fig. 5-5 1–4 glycosidic linkage Glucose Glucose Maltose (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 1–2 glycosidic linkage Glucose Fructose (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose Sucrose Starch vs Glycogen Fig. 5-6 Chloroplast Mitochondria Glycogen granules Starch 0.5 µm 1 µm Glycogen Amylose Amylopectin (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Fig. 45-12-5 Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Blood glucose level declines. Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Blood glucose level rises. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Glucagon Fig. 5-7bc (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers Starch vs Cellulose (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers Fig. 5-8 Cell walls Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Microfibril 10 µm 0.5 µm Cellulose molecules Glucose monomer Table 5-1 Fig. 45-6-2 Epinephrine Adenylyl cyclase G protein G protein-coupled receptor GTP ATP cAMP Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A Second messenger Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Adrenal glands Testes Liver Stomach Pancreas Kidney Kidney Small intestine Ovaries Proteins • Are composed of long chains of amino acids. • These chains are coded for by the DNA in our nuclei. Fig. 5-UN1 carbon Amino group Carboxyl group Fig. 5-17 Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Valine (Val or V) Alanine (Ala or A) Methionine (Met or M) Leucine (Leu or L) Trypotphan (Trp or W) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Proline (Pro or P) Polar Serine (Ser or S) Threonine (Thr or T) Cysteine (Cys or C) Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) Asparagine Glutamine (Asn or N) (Gln or Q) Electrically charged Acidic Aspartic acid Glutamic acid (Glu or E) (Asp or D) Basic Lysine (Lys or K) Arginine (Arg or R) Histidine (His or H) Fig. 5-18 Peptide bond (a) Side chains Peptide bond Backbone (b) Amino end (N-terminus) Carboxyl end (C-terminus) Fig. 5-21 Primary Structure Secondary Structure pleated sheet +H N 3 Amino end Examples of amino acid subunits helix Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Fig. 5-16 Check out the shape of this protein! Substrate (sucrose) Glucose OH Fructose HO Enzyme (sucrase) H2O Fig. 5-21a Primary Structure 1 +H 5 3N Amino end 10 Amino acid subunits 15 20 25 Fig. 5-21b 1 5 +H 3N Amino end 10 Amino acid subunits 15 20 25 75 80 90 85 95 105 100 110 115 120 125 Carboxyl end Fig. 5-21c Secondary Structure pleated sheet Examples of amino acid subunits helix Fig. 5-21f Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Polypeptide backbone Hydrogen bond Disulfide bridge Ionic bond Fig. 5-21e Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Fig. 5-21g Polypeptide chain Chains Iron Heme Chains Hemoglobin Collagen Fig. 5-22c 10 µm Normal red blood cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. 10 µm Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform red blood cell into sickle shape. Fig. 5-22 Normal hemoglobin Primary structure Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Secondary and tertiary structures subunit Function Normal hemoglobin (top view) Secondary and tertiary structures 1 2 3 Normal red blood cells are full of individual hemoglobin moledules, each carrying oxygen. 6 7 subunit Sickle-cell hemoglobin Function Molecules interact with one another and crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced. 10 µm Red blood cell shape 5 Exposed hydrophobic region Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. 4 Quaternary structure Val His Leu Thr Pro Val Glu Quaternary structure Sickle-cell hemoglobin Primary structure 10 µm Red blood cell shape Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform red blood cell into sickle shape. Fig. 5-26-3 DNA 1 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus mRNA NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM mRNA 2 Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome 3 Synthesis of protein Polypeptide Amino acids Fig. 5-23 Denaturation Normal protein Renaturation Denatured protein Lipids 3 Classes Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Fig. 5-11a Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Glycerol (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Triglycerides • Are used to store energy, insulate, and protect. • Are composed of long fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone • Have a lot of bonds in their FACs and therefore store “a whole whack” of energy! Fig. 5-11b Ester linkage (b) Fat molecule (triglyceride) Fig. 5-12a Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid (a) Saturated fat Fig. 5-12b Structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule Oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid (b) Unsaturated fat cis double bond causes bending Phospholipids • Make up the cell membrane and membranous organelles. • Are composed of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. • Have a polar “head” and a non-polar (neutral) “tail”. Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head Fig. 5-13 (a) Structural formula Choline Phosphate Glycerol Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails (b) Space-filling model (c) Phospholipid symbol Fig. 5-14 Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER WATER Emulsification Steroids • Commonly act as hormones that will “turn on” or “turn off” genes. • Are made of four fused carbon rings and differ mostly because of their “attachments” (side branches) • Can travel right through the cell membrane as they are non-polar. Fig. 5-15 Spot the difference … Fig. 45-10 Major endocrine glands: Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Adrenal glands Testes Liver Stomach Pancreas Kidney Kidney Small intestine Ovaries Fig. 45-7-2 Hormone (estradiol) Estradiol (estrogen) receptor Plasma membrane Hormone-receptor complex DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin Nucleic Acids • Have monomers called nucleotides. • Nucleotides are composed of a sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Three Types DNA RNA ATP Fig. 5-27ab 5' end 5'C 3'C Nucleoside Nitrogenous base 5'C Phosphate group 5'C 3'C (b) Nucleotide 3' end (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid 3'C Sugar (pentose) Fig. 5-27 5 end Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines 5C 3C Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Phosphate group 5C Sugar (pentose) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) (b) Nucleotide 3C Sugars 3 end (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components: sugars Fig. 5-27c-1 Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Adenine (A) Guanine (G) (c) Nucleotide components: nitrogenous bases Fig. 5-27c-2 Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components: sugars DNA • stays in nucleus. • contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). • is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction . RNA • is copied from our DNA. • leaves nucleus to allow proteins to be made in the cytoplasm. • is temporary as it is broken down shortly after being used. Fig. 8-8 ATP Adenine Phosphate groups Ribose Fig. 8-9 P P P Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) H2O Pi + Inorganic phosphate P P + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Energy Fig. 9-20 Proteins Carbohydrates Amino acids Sugars Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P NH3 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fats Glycerol Fatty acids Fig. 5-UN2 Fig. 5-UN2a Fig. 5-UN2b