Download Intro to Learning

LEARNING
MYERS CH. 6
LEARNING
• The acquisition of
new knowledge,
skills, or responses
from experience
that result in a
relatively
permanent change
in the state of the
learner.
• Three types:
• 1) Classical
Conditioning
• 2) Operant
Conditioning
• 3) Observational
Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Pavlov: “Forty
Studies”
• Behaviorist
• Def: when a neutral
stimulus produces a
response after
being paired with a
stimulus that
naturally produces
a response
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
TERMINOLOGY
• Unconditioned Stimulus: something that reliably
produces a naturally occurring reaction in an
organism
• Unconditioned Response: a reflexive reaction that is
reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is initially
neutral that produces no reliable response in an
organism
• Condition Response: a reaction that resembles an
unconditioned response but is by a conditioned
stimulus
Figure 6.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an
unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus,
producing a conditioned response.
© 2010 by Worth Publishers
WATER BOTTLE EXPERIMENT
• Unconditioned Stimulus:
• Squirt of water
• Unconditioned Response:
• Flinch
• Conditioned Stimulus:
• “CAN”
• Conditioned Response:
• Flinch
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
MORE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
TERMS
• Acquisition: the stage when the CS and US are
paired together.
• Generalization: when the CR occurs even if the CS
is slightly different
• Discrimination: the capacity to distinguish between
similar but distinct stimuli.
• Extinction: the gradual elimination of a learned
response that occurs when the US is no longer
presented
• Spontaneous Recovery: the tendency of a learned
behavior to recover from extinction after a rest
period.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: DWIGHT GETS
CLASSICALLY CONDITIONED
• As you watch the clip, identify the following:
• UCS
• Tasting an altoid
• UCR
• Minty fresh breath
• CS
• Hearing the computer booting up
• CR
• Strange, gross feeling in mouth
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
SHELDON TRAINS PENNY
OPERANT CONDITIONING
• A type of learning in
which behavior is
strengthened if
followed by a
reinforcer or
diminished if
followed by a
punisher
OPERANT CONDITIONING
SKIING SQUIRREL
• Shaping: operant conditioning procedure in which
reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer
approximations of the desired behavior
• HeroRATS
• Discriminative Stimulus—signals that the response
will be inforced (i.e., landmine or TB for HeroRATS)
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
• Positive
reinforcement—
strengthens
behavior via reward
• Negative
reinforcement—
strengthens
behavior via
removing
something negative
PUNISHMENT
• Positive punishment:
reducing likelihood
of behavior by
adding something
bad
• Negative
punishment:
reducing likelihood
of behavior by
taking away
something good
Positive
Reinforcement
“Reward”
+ good
 behavior
Positive
Punishment
+ bad
 behavior
Negative
Reinforcement
--bad
 behavior
Negative
Punishment
--good
 behavior
I NEED THREE VOLUNTEERS!
(I PROMISE YOU WILL NOT GET SPRAYED IN THE FACE WITH
WATER)
• When you enter the room the class will try to shape
your behavior using a method of operant
conditioning.
YOUR OPERANT CONDITIONING
CHALLENGE
• I challenge you to train me using operant
conditioning methods
• You have one month and you have to agree as a
class what you will try to accomplish.
• You can debrief me at the end of class on
November 28th...the Wednesday after Thanksgiving
Break. This will be a great opportunity to measure
extinction and spontaneous recovery!
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Continuous
reinforcement—
reinforcing a desired
response every time it
occurs
• Good: learning
happens quickly
• Bad: extinction
occurs quickly
• Intermittent
reinforcement—
responses are
sometimes reinforced
and sometimes not
• Good: greater
resistance to
extinction
• Bad—learning occurs
more slowly
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed ratio
schedule:
reinforcement is
given after a set
number of
responses
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-ratio
schedule:
reinforcement is
given after an
unpredictable
number of
responses
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Fixed-interval
schedules: reinforce
the first response
after a fixed time
period.
• Examples?
TYPES OF INTERMITTENT
REINFORCEMENT
• Variable-interval
schedule: reinforce
the first response
after a varying time
interval
• Examples?
THIS MIGHT HELP KEEP THEM
STRAIGHT…
• 1. Do you see something that's set or seems to have
a distinct pattern, or do you see something that
seems to change? Pick either fixed or variable.
• 2. Do you see a number or do you see a unit of
time? Pick either ratio or interval.
MYERS' DEMONSTRATION OF
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
CLICK HERE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
• Teachers use operant
conditioning
methods in various
ways while grading
assignments.
• How do you feel
when a teacher
doesn’t give
reinforcement for
every assignment?
REWARDS AND MOTIVATION
• Would greater rewards motivate you more?
• "Drive"
OBSERVATIONAL
LEARNING
AKA SOCIAL LEARNING
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• Trenton and the
iPhone...I didn’t
reinforce any
behavior...he simply
watched me and
figured out how to
use it.
MIRROR NEURONS
• Yawning
• Empathy
BANDURA & THE BOBO DOLL
• Forty studies