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AP PSYCH REVIEW ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013-2014 (7 – 9 %) Key Names Aaron Beck Martin Seligman David Rosenhan The Basics: o Psychological disorders can manifest themselves in a person’s behavior or thoughts o Includes relatively common problems (depression, substance abuse, and learning disabilities) as well as the study of rare and severe disorders (schizophrenia and bipolar) What Makes it Abnormal? o The behavior is maladaptive or disturbing to the individual Ex: an agoraphobic fears open spaces, thus will be unable to leave their home o The behavior is disturbing to others Ex: a person with zoophilia is sexually aroused by animals o The behavior is unusual or not shared by many members of the population Ex: having visions or communicating with the dead is not commonplace in the US o The behavior is irrational Terms Associated with Abnormal Behavior o Insane used by uneducated people to mean psychological disorders in general Insane is not a medical term it is a legal term differentiating those who can be held responsible for their crimes (the sane) and those who because of a psychological disorder cannot o DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Contains every major disorder Employs a multiaxial approach to diagnosis based on the idea that many factors can impact one’s mental health Axis I: Lists the Clinical Disorders Axis II: Personality and Developmental Disorders Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial Conditions Issues in the environment affecting a person’s mental health 1 Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Classifies one’s psychological functioning on a scale of 1100 Higher numbers = higher levels of functioning The Different Perspectives on the Causes of Psychological Disorders o Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious conflicts o Humanistic Failure to strive toward one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings o Behavioral Reinforcement history and the environment o Cognitive Dysfunctional or irrational ways of thinking o Sociocultural Dysfunctional society o Biomedical Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions Anxiety Disorders and Their Cause o All related in their common symptom anxiety o Most common types phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder o Specific phobia Intense irrational fear of a situation or object Ex: claustrophobia fear of enclosed spaces Ex: arachnophobia fear of spiders Ex: agoraphobia fear of public spaces o Social phobias Fear of a situation in which one could be embarrassed in public o Generalized Anxiety Disorder One experiences constant low-level anxiety Feeling out of sorts or nervous is not uncommon for those with GAD o Panic disorder One who suffers from intense, recurring attacks of anxiety without provocation Panic attacks increase in frequency and the person suffers additional anxiety due to the preoccupation of suffering another attack o Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular behavior 2 Obsessions result in anxiety and the anxiety is reduced when the person performs the behavior Ex: a person who is preoccupied with cleanliness may shower repeatedly, thus impeding any other action o Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Involves flashbacks or nightmares following one’s involvement in particularly troubling events Ex: War veterans o Causes of Anxiety Disorders Psychoanalytic unresolved id, ego, and superego conflicts Ex: a young boy’s repressed sexual attraction to his mother causes a conflict between the id and the superego Behaviorists since all behavior is learned, anxiety disorders are learned Ex: acrophobia fear of heights o When little Jameson visited the Empire State Building his parents left him alone at the top Cognitive Theorists anxiety disorders originate from a dysfunctional way of thinking Ex: you believe that you must excel at everything and place undue stress and it turn anxiety on yourself Somatoform Disorders and the Cause o Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem into a physical one Hypochondriasis frequent physical complaints, of which there is no medical cause may also believe minor problems are the indicative of severe physical illness conversion disorder the existence of a severe problem (blindness or paralysis) when in fact the person can perform these actions no biological reason exists for the condition o Causes of Somatoform Disorders Psychodynamic theorists outward manifestations of unresolved unconscious conflicts Behaviorist experiencing conversion disorder is nothing more than role playing to get out of unpleasant tasks Hypochondriasis reinforced as the person receives a great deal of attention Dissociative Disorders and Their Cause o Dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia when a person cannot remember things without any physiological cause Not the same as organic amnesia which results from damage to the brain 3 o Dissociative fugue experience psychogenic amnesia and find themselves in a strange environment Ex: Jacinto wakes up with no recollection of who or where he is, and no one else in the environment can answer that either o Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) formerly multiple personality disorder The person has several personalities, rather than one integrated one The personalities may be of different ages and gender At least two personalities will be complete opposites People with DID have a history of sexual abuse or other childhood trauma o Causes of Dissociative Disorders Psychoanalytic perspective a traumatic event has been so thoroughly repressed it causes a split in consciousness Behaviorists those who have experienced trauma find it rewarding not to think about it Cases of DID are rare outside the US Many psychologists question its validity Favor the view the person is simply role playing Mood or Affective Disorders and Their Causes o Major depressive disorder known as unipolar depression Referred to as the “common cold” of psychological disorders The length of the depressive episode must be taken into account Clinically depressed people remain so for more than two weeks w/o clear reason Appear fatigued, experience loss of appetite, and lose interest in otherwise enjoyable activities o Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Experiencing depression only in the winter months Treated with light therapy o Bipolar Involves both manic and depressed episodes Depressed episodes are those described in unipolar depression Manic episodes include heightened sense of self confidence, anxiety, inflated sense of well-being, and engage in risky behaviors Some can experience mania without depression o Dysthymic disorder Symptoms similar to major depression only less intense In order to diagnose the person must have the symptoms for at least two years o Causes of Mood Disorders Psychoanalytic approach anger directed inward, loss during the early psychosexual stages, or an overly punitive superego 4 Behaviorists being felt sorry for while depressed reinforces the behavior Cognitivist theory Aaron Beck the cognitive triad people have unrealistic negative ideas about themselves, their world, and their futures Other cognitivist theories point to one’s attributional style Pessimistic attributional styles are more likely to promote depression Martin Seligman learned helplessness Depression is positively correlated with feelings of learned helplessness One loses hope over their control over the situation Biological approach Low levels of serotonin = unipolar depression Bipolar = more receptor sites for acetylcholine Low levels of norepinephrine = unipolar depression Bipolarity and unipolar depression seem to run in families Schizophrenic Disorders and Their Causes o Is the most debilitating of the psychological disorders o Strikes people as they enter young adulthood o Most common symptom is disordered, distorted thinking manifested through hallucinations or delusions Hallucinations perceptions w/o any sensory stimulation Ex: seeing/hearing things that aren’t there Delusions beliefs that have no basis in reality Ex: I am going to get a 5 without any studying o Two types of delusions Delusions of persecution the belief people are out to get you Delusions of grandeur the belief you enjoy greater power or influence than you actually do o Types of schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia Marked by a disorganization of thought Make up their own words (neologisms) String together nonsense words that rhyming (clang associations) Have inappropriate affect (emotions) o May laugh when someone dies May have flat affect the absence of emotion Paranoid schizophrenia Characterized by intense delusions of persecution o Ex: people are out to hurt or get you 5 Catatonic schizophrenia Characterized by odd or eccentric movements Patients may remain motionless in strange postures for hours at a time w/o any real reason Patients may move jerkily as well Waxy flexibility allow their body to be moved into any alternative shape and will hold that pose Increasingly rare in the US Undifferentiated schizophrenia Marked by distorted thinking but no symptoms of the other forms of schizophrenia o Divisions of schizophrenic symptoms Positive refers to an excess of behavior Ex: neologisms and hallucinations Negative refers to deficits in appropriate behaviors Ex: no emotion or catatonia o Causes of Schizophrenia Biological approach is the dominant approach to its explanation Dopamine hypothesis high levels of dopamine are linked to schizophrenia o Antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia lower dopamine levels and decrease disordered thought and behavior o Extensive use of antipsychotics leads to tardive dyskinesia Muscle tremors and stiffness similar to Parkinson’s o PD is treated with L-DOPA which increases dopamine levels and can produce schizophrenic-like distortions in thought Enlarged brain ventricles also points to some biological basis in that brain asymmetries are present Genetic predisposition is also a biological factor linked to schizophrenia Cognitive-behavioral explanation Double-binds o When a person is given contradictory messages Ex: Tommie is told that hitting girls is not right, but his father regularly beats his mother. The conflicting messages may lead to distorted ways of thinking. Diathesis-stress model Diathesis (genetic predisposition) + stress (environment) = schizophrenia 6 Personality Disorders o Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively impact people’s ability to function Personality Disorder Characteristics Antisocial personality disorder Show little regard for other’s feelings. The world is viewed as a hostile place. Criminals fall into this category. Dependent personality disorder Rely too much on the attention and help of others. Paranoid personality disorder Have feelings of being persecuted. Narcissistic personality disorder See themselves as the center of the universe. Histrionic personality disorder Engage in overly dramatic behaviors to draw attention to one. Obsessive-compulsive personality Can be concerned with certain disorder thoughts and performing certain behaviors. Not as debilitating as OCD Other Types of Psychological Disorders o Paraphilias or psychosexual disorders marked by attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual Pedophilia attraction to children Zoophilia attraction to animals Fetishism attraction to objects (shoes, chairs, door knobs, etc.) Voyeur someone who gets sexually aroused by watching others perform sexual acts on each other Masochist one who enjoys having pain inflicted upon themselves Sadist one who enjoys inflicting pain on others Most paraphilias occur in men, but masochism is more common in women o Eating Disorders Anorexia loss of more than 15% of ones average body weight for ones age and height Intense fear of fat and food Distorted body image Predominates in girls and young women and is a form of self-starvation Bulimia Commonly involves a binge (eating) cycle and a purge (vomiting) cycle o Substance use disorders A diagnosis made when the person uses drugs regularly and their use negatively affects the person’s life 7 Substance dependence = addiction When the person cannot cut down on their use of the substance o Autism Falls under the spectrum of developmental disorders These children tend to seek out less social and emotional contact than other children Slow to develop language skills and less likely to seek out their parents when distressed o ADHD Also classified as a developmental disorder Marked by deficits in attention or hyperactivity More common in boys than girls o Alzheimer’s An example of a developmental disorder emerging later on in life Marked by the deterioration of one’s cognitive abilities; mostly memory The Rosenhan Study (1978) o David Rosenhan and his associates conducted a study in which he and his associates gained admission to a number of mental hospitals o Claimed to have been hearing voices o All were admitted as schizophrenics o Once they gained admission they stopped reporting the symptoms and were released with the diagnosis “schizophrenia in remission” o The questions it raised: Should people once diagnosed with a psychological disorder carry that label with them? To what extent are behaviors influenced by the environment, and to what extent do they inhere in the person? What is the level of institutional care like, if imposters could go days or weeks without being discovered? 8