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29 Cellular Respiration Biology “B” Pages 145-152 Name: _____________________ Date: _________ Period: _______ Animals eat and breakdown plant products (sugar/glucose) in a process called digestion. Human digestion requires us to internally digest food by chewing food, swallowing, processing food in the stomach to further break it down, and then absorb the basic parts of the food (sugars and such) into the bloodstream through our intestine. Each movement; getting food, chewing it, swallowing, uses energy and LOSES heat energy. It COSTS energy to get and process food! When the sugar gets to the bloodstream it is absorbed by individual cells that need the sugar to run the engine of the cell. The cell has to break down sugar with a series of enzymes. (See diagrampg.2.) Enzymes are specialized protein molecules that help a reaction go forward. An enzyme attaches to another molecule to change that molecule in some way. Enzymes will attach to specific molecules (called substrates) and change the substrate in some way to form a product. The reaction is shown below: Enzyme causes reaction to go forward to make product(s) The enzyme in the reaction remains UNCHANGED. The enzyme merely helps two substrates come together in this case. Enzymes are also known to attach to a substrate and make two or more products. There are two parts to the breakdown of sugar once it gets inside the cell: a.) Glycolysis- (this is from “glyco-“ referring to glucose and “-lysis” meaning break) Glycolysis means the “break down of sugar”. The break down of sugars occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and requires the enzymes to use two ATP molecules. One molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is converted through a series of steps to TWO molecules of pyruvate (C3H4O3). This process produces four more ATP than it takes to perform glycolysis! This occurs in bacteria and yeast. So JUST breaking down glucose to pyruvate yields 4 NET energy packets or ATPs. This is not a lot of energy compared to the total energy stored in glucose. Glycolysis needs no oxygen it is anaerobic (means reaction does not need oxygen). Page 2 (Cont. #29 Bio. B) b.) Pyruvate is then taken into the mitochondria and enters a series of reactions, called the Krebs Cycle. This does not occur in bacteria or yeast! That is because bacteria and yeast do NOT have mitochondria! The products of this cycle are used in the electron transport cycle to help produce a lot (36 of them to be exact*) of energy packets (ATP) in cells with mitochondria. The entire process of getting the food into the body and getting ATP is: #1 #2 #3 #4 To get the sugar into the body, we first eat the different macromolecules and chew them up. The reason to chew the food is to mechanically break down the food so enzymes can break the macromolecules down easier (that is the enzymes need to GET AT every single molecule). If the molecules are stuck in a huge ball, many of the molecules will be protected from the enzymes and won’t be broken down (so chew food completely). As you can see to the left, large molecules are swallowed (see “FOOD” see “#1”) and enter the stomach (see #2). Though some digestion (read this as breakdown of the macromolecules) occurs here, most of the digestion occurs just below the stomach, in the intestine (see #3). In the intestine, the macromolecules (polymers) have been broken down into smaller units and they start to get to be absorbed by the intestinal cells (see #4). The intestinal cells send the simple molecules into the blood stream that makes the simple sugars and amino acids (amino acids are building blocks of protein) available to individual cells (see #5- below) SO-the over-all breakdown of glucose is shown below in a diagram form. #5 Mitochondria 2 pyruvate Water Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle ATP and water are final products Page 3 (Cont. #29 Bio. Cytoplasm or cytosol B) Glucose is brought into the cell and broken down into the cytoplasm into two molecules of pyruvate. (See picture to the right.) Cytoplasm 2 pyruvate 1 glucose molecule in the cytoplasm of a cell Pyruvate then moves into the mitochondria to be broken down further using a “cycle of enzymes” in the Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle which eventually leads to making energy packets (ATP) that the cell can actually “run” on. ALL living cells run almost exclusively on ATP. This is just like most homes use mostly electricity to run most lights, televisions, and machines, in your house. Cells use mostly ATP to run MOST reactions in the cell- with the help of enzymes. Mitochondria Answer the following questions here and on your scan-tron! _____1.) Glycolysis helps to: a.) create complex high energy compounds b.) bring together two molecules of pyruvate c.) release the energy stored in the bonds of glucose d.) release the energy stored in water Page 4 (Cont. #29 Bio. B _____ 2.) There are one-celled bacteria (NOT blue-green) and single-celled yeast that do not have mitochondria. How do they process energy? a.) use sun for energy b.) use glycolysis only c.) use Krebs only _____ 3.) The definition of glycolysis is: a.) the breakage of lipids b.) the breakage of protein c.) glyco- referring to glucose and -lysis, meaning to break d.) the creation starch _____ 4.) Glucose breaks into: a.) 3 pyruvate b.)oxygen and water c.) 2 pyruvate d.) none of these _____ 5.) Pyruvate is modified as it moves into the: a.) nucleus b.) ribosomes c.) mitochondria d.) centrioles _____ 6.) The overall process of glycolysis produces: a.) more oxygen than carbon dioxide b.) more NADPH than NADH c.) more ATP than was used to initiate the reaction d.) less ATP than was used to initiate the reaction _____ 7.) Modified pyruvate enters the mitochondria and enters the a.) glycolysis 2 cycle b.) Calvin cycle c.) Glycolytic cycle d.) Krebs cycle _____ 8.) The Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and electron transport yields a.) Glucose and carbon dioxide b.) Glucose and oxygen c.) ATP and water d.) ATP and oxygen _____ 9.) An enzyme a.) causes a reaction to stay the same b.) causes the reaction to go backward c.) raises the activation energy d.) causes the reaction to go forward _____ 10.) Enzymes a.) are changed by the reaction b.) lose at least one electron during the reaction c.) are made of lipids d.) are usually made of proteins and are unchanged during a reaction Date: __________________________ Lesson Plan for Handout #29 Biology B Objective: TLWD ability to determine how enzymes do their work, trace the macromolecules ingested from the mouth to being broken down and absorbed, and finally broken down to make ATP when given handout #29. Content: Ingestion of macromolecules, broken down to monomers, absorbed into blood stream and individual cells and broken down for cellular energy (ATP) NJCCCS: 5.3.12.B.5, 5.3.12.B.6. Method: Power point, notes, discussion, white board Homework: Complete #29 Comments: