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Biochemistry
“THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE”
“THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON”
What is a Macromolecule?
A VERY LARGE MOLECULE, SUCH AS A
POLYMER OR PROTEIN, CONSISTING OF
MANY SMALLER STRUCTURAL UNITS LINKED
TOGETHER. ALSO CALLED SUPERMOLECULE.
Biological
Macromolecule
ALL BIOLOGICAL MACRO-MOLECULE ARE
MADE UP OF A SMALL NUMBER OF
ELEMENTS: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN,
NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND SULFUR
All molecules in the body are made up of the
following elements…
 CHOPSN=
 Carbon

(bonds with all
these other elements
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Phosphorous
 Sulfur
 Nitrogen
Monomer
 “mono”= one
 A single unit in a molecule
 A Monomer is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to
form a polymer
 Example of a monomer would be glucose, a simple sugar found in plants.
This product bonds to form polymers such as starch and cellulose which
77% of the plant is made of.
C6H12O6 DON’T FORGET THIS FORMULA YOU WILL SEE IT AGAIN
Polymer
 Large molecule made up of multiple monomers

Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural
biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and
function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many
small molecules, known as monomers.
Analogy of Polymers
EXAMPLE of
POLYMER
A TRAIN
A NECKLACE
MONOMER
?
?
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that
make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the
monomers that make up the necklace?
Polymerization
 The process of putting monomers together to form a
polymer
 Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer
molecules together in a chemical reaction to form
polymer chains or three-dimensional networks
Video
Polymerization in which large compounds are built by
joining smaller ones together. This can also be done
synthetically with plastics.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=
player_embedded&v=QnWA0DDxJBo
THE BIG FOUR!!!!
 3 out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules
can be found on food
nutrition labels…
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acid
When studying these biochemical molecules, we
are interested in finding out…..
 what they do for living things.
 what they generally look like.
 what their monomers are.
 and how they may help the body gain energy to
sustain life.
Carbohydrates
 Elements: C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a hexagon or pentagon
 Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugars - glucose)
 Polymers:
 Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides (complex sugars 



sucrose)
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides (starch,
cellulose)
Names end in –ose
Ose= sugar
Sacchar = sugar
Monosaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: fruits (Fructose), candy (glucose),
milk (Galactose)
 Produced: process of photosynthesis in the organelle
chloroplast
 Your brain runs on glucose!
Simple sugar foods
Disaccharides
 Use: quick energy
 Foods: Table sugar (sucrose)
Malt sugar (maltose - forms from breakdown of
starches including grains)
 Milk sugar (lactose – think lactose intolerant)
 Produced by plants storing products of
photosynthesis process carried out in the organelle
the chloroplast – think maple syrup

Complex Sugar Foods
Polysaccharides
 Uses: quick energy, (but more stable to store than
glucose)
and structure (cell walls of plants made of cellulose)
 Foods: Potatoes , bread, pasta (starch), Bran Fiber
(cellulose indigestible for humans)
 Produced by liver from excess blood sugar and made
by plants into cell walls from glucose made during
photosynthesis by the chloroplast
Starchy Foods
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth
and small intestine using amylase.
Amyl = starch
Ase = enzyme (break down)
Proteins
 Elements: C, H, O, N, S, P
 Monomer: Amino Acids (20 different)
 Polymer: Polypeptides that are folded into proteins
Amino Acid Structure
 There are 20 different amino acids that are essential
to the human body.
Proteins
 Uses: Structure of body tissues - muscles, bones,
blood, hair, skin - most of your body
 Foods: Egg whites, meat, fish, beans
 Produced by process of protein synthesis in the
organelle ribosome (made from recipe in DNA)
High Protein Foods
Folding a protein
 A – amino acid sequence -1st level
 B/C – amino acids are twisted or folded – 2nd level
 D – the twisted chain is folded – 3rd level
 E – multiple chains are arranged together – 4th level
(hemoglobin)
Lipids (oils, fats, waxes)
 Elements: C,H,O but NOT in 1:2:1 ratio
 Generally in the shape of a glycerol with one or 2
tails.
 Monomers: Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains
 Polymers: Triglycerides made from1 glycerol plus 3
fatty acid chains
Lipids
 Uses: Long term energy storage, cell membranes
(cholesterol and phospholipids),
 Foods: olive oil, avocados, butter, lard, beeswax
 Produced by process of dehydration synthesis in the
organelle smooth ER
 Your body uses it for chemical messengers (steroids),
insulation and padding your organs
Constructing a triglyceride
Oils vs. Fats
 Oils are liquid and fats are solid at room temperature
 Oils are stored in seeds of plants
 Fats are stored under skin or around organs of
animals
Lipids are broken down in the small intestine by lipase
and bile produced by the liver.
Lip = fat (lipid)
Fatty Foods
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Unsaturated fats have one
or more double bonds
between carbons so they
do not have all the
possible hydrogens
http://www.diffen.com/di
fference/Saturated_Fats_
vs_Unsaturated_Fats
Nucleic Acids
 Elements: C,H,O,N,P
 Monomers: Nucleotides
 Nucleotides are made of a phosphate group, a sugar
(deoxyribose DNA or ribose RNA) and a Nitrogen
Base
 Nucleotides: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine,
(uracil)
 Polymers: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide Structure
Nucleic Acids
 Uses: DNA carries genetic information and
directions to make proteins
 RNA makes proteins and is the structure of the
ribosome
 Produced by the process of DNA replication in the
nucleus from existing DNA
 Nucleic acids are digested in the small intestines by
nucleases.
DNA
DNA to a Protein