Download The Four Organic Compounds Notes

The Four Organic Compounds Notes
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In Biology, the word organic means “relating to organisms.”
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NOT food grown without the use of pesticides, antibiotics, or other industrial chemicals.
Specifically, all organic compounds contain covalently bound _____________________.
Why Carbon is So Awesome
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Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost
unlimited in length.
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These carbon-carbon bonds can be ______________, __________________, or ________________________.
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The chains be __________________________, ________________________,or________________________.
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Therefore, carbon is unique in that it can form millions of different large and complex structures.
How are the 4 Major Organic Compounds Formed?
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They are formed by Polymerization, which is the joining of smaller units (___________________) together that
form large compounds (___________________________________.)
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Dehydration synthesis: joins molecules by removing a molecule of water.
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Recall: What molecule did we model in class that did this?
_______________________________
Hydrolysis: breaks apart molecules by adding water (the opposite process)
1. Carbohydrates
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Organic compound composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 Ratio.
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Monomers – _____________________________
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Ends in -ose = sugar
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1 sugar = monosaccharide
Examples: glucose, fructose (in fruits) and galactose (in milk)
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2 sugars = disaccharide
Examples: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
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3 or more = polysaccharide
Examples: Starch, Cellulose (plants), and Glycogen (animals)
Used for…
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______________________________________________________ storage
(quick energy)
Many animals store extra sugar as glycogen. Glycogen stored in your muscles supplies energy for movement.
And Glycogen stored in your liver is released when the glucose (sugar) in your blood runs low.
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Polymer – _______________________________
Recall: This maintaining a balance in the body is called what? _______________________
Plants store excess sugar as starch. Plants also make cellulose, a strong, rigid fiber used for support.
2. Lipids
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Have a large amount of Carbon and Hydrogen with little or no oxygen (long chains)
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Are Fats, Waxes, and Oils
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Monomers – ________________________________________________
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Used for…
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Two Types:
Polymer – ________________
Long term energy storage, Protection, Insulation, Waterproof coverings, Cell Membranes, and
Chemical Messengers (steroids)
_____________________________: Single Bonds, Animal Fats, Harder to digest, Solids at room
temperature, Holds as many Hydrogen atoms as possible
_____________________________: Double Bonds, Vegetable Oils, Easier to digest, Liquids at room
Temperature, Does not hold as many hydrogen atoms as possible
Your Turn! Make a quick hypothesis to why Unsaturated Fats are easier to break down (thus healthier for you) than
Saturated Fats!
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Why is this? __________________________________________________________________________________
3. Nucleic Acids
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and two Phosphorus atoms arranged in 3 groups:
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Monomers:
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Example: A, G, C, T or U
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Example: Deoxyribose (DNA) or Ribose (RNA)
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Polymer – ____________________________
Used for…Storing and transmitting cellular information in a code called DNA or RNA.
4. Proteins
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Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
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Monomers = ________________________________
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Provide structure for cells, bones, muscles, tissues, organs, hormones, most everything in the body!
Special Function: Carries out cell metabolism (via enzymes)
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When the amino acids join, they form a polymer called a polypeptide. The monomers are held together by
peptide bonds. Proteins can be destroyed by extreme heat (fever) = _____________________________
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Proteins vary the most in structure because of the variable their amino acid makeup. There are ____________
essential amino acids total! This allows for the unique shape of proteins.
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Since the R-group varies, it allows for much variety. That is why proteins have so many ____________ in the
body. Shape is very important; if a protein is not the right shape, it will not work or only have partial function!
Polymers = _____________________________