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Transcript
PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 9 Learning Learning Defined Learning A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Association We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Associative Learning learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences Association Event 1 Event 2 Learning to associate two events Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics We learn to associate two stimuli We learn to associate a response and its consequence Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation) Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus (meat) and a learned, neutral stimulus (tone). Elements of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)(US) stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR)(UR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth Elements of Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral (but is now conditioned) stimulus Elements of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses. A child fears ALL dogs even though it was a large white dog that bit him. Elements of Classical Conditioning Stimulus Discrimination In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS. A child fears the size and color of dog that bit him, but not all dogs. Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (waiting room) CR (nausea) Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement (reward) or diminished if followed by punishment. Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology Operant Chamber Skinner Box chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses Operant Conditioning Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs. Every time you do your job, you get paid. Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time. After you work 2 weeks you get paid. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses faster you respond the more rewards you get very high rate of responding like piecework pay (you get paid for each pizza you make instead of each hour you work) Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. like gambling, fishing Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Interval (FI) Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near. Students slack off, but then study more when grades are coming due. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval (VI) Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. Produces slow steady responding. Teachers can get more consistent study habits out of students if they use pop quizzes. Punishment Punishment Aversive (negative) event that decreases the behavior that it follows. Powerful controller of unwanted behavior. Punishment Cognition and Operant Conditioning Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it Latent Learning learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Cognition and Operant Conditioning Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task Cognition and Operant Conditioning Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments Observational Learning Observational Learning learning by observing others Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior Observational Learning Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy