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Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy ATP Murdoch Online upload 2014 2009-2010 Harvesting energy stored in food • Cellular respiration – breaking down food to produce ATP • in mitochondria food • when using oxygen –“aerobic” respiration – usually digesting glucose • but could be other sugars, O2 fats, or proteins ATP glucose + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water C6H12O6 + Murdoch Online upload 2014 6O2 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O What do we need to make energy? • The “Powerhouse” for making energy – mitochondria • Fuel – food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins • Helpers – oxygen food – enzymes O2 Murdoch Online upload 2014 Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! enzymes ATP CO2 H2O What do we need to make energy? • Product – ATP • Waste products – carbon dioxide • then used by plants – water • transpiration Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! food enzymes O2 Murdoch Online upload 2014 ATP CO2 H2O Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells Murdoch Online upload 2014 plant cells Can’t store ATP too unstable only used in the cell that produces each ATP ATP is only short term energy carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen! Murdoch Online upload 2014 Using ATP to do work? ATP Adenosine TriPhosphate Adenosine DiPhosphate ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second work A Body’s Energy Budget 1 eat food make energy ATP 2 synthesis (building) 3 storage Murdoch Online upload 2014 { { { • energy needed even at rest • activity • temperature control • growth • reproduction • repair • glycogen (animal starch) • fat Cellular Respiration • The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic—no oxygen is required. • The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be completed. SUMMARY EQUATION: Murdoch Online upload 2014 STAGES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Respiration occurs in three main stages High-energy electrons carried by NADH GLYCOLYSIS Cytoplasmic fluid Murdoch Online upload 2014 KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Mitochondrion Glycolysis [Glyco=sweet, sugar; lysis = to split] ≡ a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound. 4ATP 2ATP 2ADP 4ADP + 4P Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+ Murdoch Online upload 2014 Glycolysis Produces only two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down. (4 -2=2) 2 molecules of NADH are formed. 4ATP 2ATP 2ADP 4ADP + 4P Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+ Murdoch Online upload 2014 Transition Phase • Before citric acid cycle and electron transport chain can begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of CO2 and combines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) acetyl-CoA Pyruvic acid Murdoch Online upload 2014 CO2 The citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), is a series of chemical reactions in that the molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products. • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix Murdoch Online upload 2014 CO2 The citric acid cycle For every turn of the cycle, one molecule of ATP and two molecules of carbon dioxide, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 are produced. Makes a total of 2 ATP, 6 NADH, & 2 FADH2 Occurs in mitochondrial matrix Murdoch Online upload 2014 CO2 The electron transport chain • In the electron transport chain, the carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 give up electrons that pass through a series of reactions. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor forming water. • This sets up a H+ (proton) gradient. • Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane Murdoch Online upload 2014 The electron transport chain • Allow the protons to flow through ATP synthase which synthesizes ATP. (ADP + Pi = ATP) • The electron transport chain adds 32 ATP molecules to the four already produced during glycolysis & citric acid cycle. • Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane Murdoch Online upload 2014 What if oxygen is missing? • When no (or little) oxygen is available in the environment = the cell can’t complete aerobic respiration. • Anaerobic respiration – also known as fermentation • alcohol fermentation • lactic acid fermentation – no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria & Archaea) – can only make very few ATP molecules – large animals cannot survive Murdoch Online upload 2014 O2 yeast bacteria Anaerobic Respiration • Fermentation – alcohol fermentation • yeast –glucose ATP + CO2+ alcohol –make beer, wine, bread Murdoch Online upload 2014 Not enough energy for me! O2 Alcoholic fermentation glucose pyruvic acid 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 FERMENTATION • used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol (EtOH). Murdoch Online upload 2014 Anaerobic Respiration • Fermentation – lactic acid fermentation • bacteria, animals –glucose ATP + lactic acid –bacteria make yogurt –animals feel muscle fatigue –feel the “burn” Murdoch Online upload 2014 Not enough energy for me! O2 Lactic acid fermentation Glucose pyruvic acid 2 ATP GLYCOLYSIS 2 lactic acid FERMENTATION • used to make cheese and yogurt • during strenuous exercise not enough oxygen from blood creates an “oxygen debt” • lactic acid accumulates in muscle; leads to fatigue and pain • will be converted back to pyruvic acid in liver Murdoch Online upload 2014 Compare & Contrast Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis Murdoch Online upload 2014 • Cellular Respiration Got the energy… Ask Questions!! Murdoch Online upload 2014