* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Modeling - worldowiki
Observational methods in psychology wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Perceptual control theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Social perception wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Transtheoretical model wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral modernity wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive development wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Observational learning Social learning theory: theory that emphasizes learning through observation of others. This theory examines the processes involved as people learn from observing others and gradually acquire control over their own behavior. Social Cognitive Theory We learn by watching other people. Social Cognitive Theory Learning: a change in mental structures that creates the capacity to demonstrate different behaviors. Modeling The tendency of individuals to imitate the behaviors they observe in others. (Think of the effect of popular sports figures on youngsters—that’s modeling). Cognitive modeling—where teachers deliberately model strategies they want students to use. Vicarious learning—we watch others and adjust our own behavior based on what happens to them. Modeling Cognitive modeling: makes your thinking process “visible” to students so they can use it also. This is a great way to teach strategies. You can model thinking at the level of your students. For example, adults don’t typically “sound out” words but students in first grade should be able to do this. By modeling it, you encourage students to try the strategy. This is also called a “think aloud.” This is a hard word, so I’m going to sound it out. The first letter is a B and that sounds like /b/…Now I am going to check to see if that word makes sense in the sentence. Modeling: Vicarious learning Vicarious learning: occurs when people observe the consequences of another person’s behavior and adjust their own behavior accordingly. If you watch another student get punished for raising his/her hand, you are much less likely to raise your hand. Vicarious reinforcement: increasing the chances that we will repeat a behavior by observing another person being reinforced for that behavior. Modeling: Effects Learn new behaviors—watch an expert serve a tennis ball and then try it yourself. Facilitate existing behaviors—one student’s outrageous behavior may cause others to act out as well. Change inhibitions. An inhibition is a self-imposed restriction on one’s behavior. If you go to a new place, you watch other people’s behavior. If their behavior is more reserved than yours normally is, you will increase your inhibitions. If their behavior is wilder than yours, you will reduce your inhibitions. Arouse emotions. The emotions of models affect the emotions of those watching. Ripple effect: “contagious” spreading of behaviors through imitation. Television and modeling Theories of modeling were based on research involving television watching, back when watching television was new and different entertainment. Television is a powerful modeling system for children. The more violent television they watch, the more aggressive they are likely to become. Now video games have introduced a whole new set of influences, with the addition that the watcher is also a participant… Television guidelines Limit television. Avoid using TV as a reward or punishment Model healthy viewing—critique what is being seen with children. Be an authoritative parent—as a counter model to what is on TV. Basically, similar rules apply to video gaming. Learning from Models Attention: You have to pay attention to the model Motivation: You expect the same reward that the model got. This motivates you to pay attention, to retain, and to reproduce the behavior. Reproduction: You do what the model did Retention: You have to remember what the model did. Students are more likely to follow models that they think are like themselves, competent, and with high status. Self-Regulation Set Goals Self-Observation Teaching your students to be self-regulating learners means that they may become lifelong learners and they will be able to work independently in your classroom. Self-reinforcement: controlling your own reinforcers. SelfReinforcement Self-Assessment The process of accepting responsibility and control for one’s own learning. Also called: self-management: use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior. More about self regulation Cognitive behavior modification: the modification of overt behavior through the manipulation of covert thought processes. “Manipulation” is a poor word in this definition. It implies that teachers get students to do something without the students realizing it, the way television ads try to manipulate us into buying what we don’t need, and that’s not what is going on here. This process is actually teaching metacognition— thinking about how to achieve goals and using strategies to do so. Self-efficacy: a person’s sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task. Self-modeling Behavioral changes result from people observing and reflecting on their own behaviors. When you get video taped during your field experiences, that is an opportunity for selfmodeling. This is a highly effective form of learning. Cognitive Behavior Modification and Self Instruction Cognitive behavior modification: procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive learning principles for changing your own behavior by using self-talk and selfinstruction. Self-instruction: talking oneself through the steps of a task. Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Adult model performs task while talking out loud to him/herself. Child performs the same task under direction of model’s instruction. Child performs task while talking out loud to him/herself. Child whispers instruction to self while performing task. Child performs task using private speech (internal rather than external). Productive Selflearning Reprimands environmodeling ment Antecedents Conditioned stimulus Generalization Neutral stimulus Applied behavior analysis Consequence Good behavior game Operant conditionin g Prompts Aversive Contiguity Group Consequences Operants Punishers Behavior Contingency modification contract Inhibition Observational Punishment learning Behavioral Continuous Intermittent Positive learning reinforcemen reinforcemen behavioral theories t schedule t schedule supports Ratio schedule Positive reinforcement Reinforcement SelfRespondents regula-tion Response Token Reinforcement system SelfUnconditione reinforcem d response ent Response cost Shaping Unconditione d stimulus Ripple effect Social cognitive theory Vicarious learning Satiation Social isolation Vicarious reinforcement Classical conditioning Cues Interval schedule Cognitive behavior modification Discrimination Learning Potency Reinforcement Self-efficacy schedule Cognitive modeling Extinction Modeling Premack principle Reinforcer Presentati on punishme nt Removal Selfpunishment management Functional Negative Conditioned behavioral reinforcem response assessment ent Time out Selfinstruction Social Learning theory Stimulus Stimulus control