Download 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
KEY CONCEPT
Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Question
• What do you think of when you hear the
word organic?
• Talk to your neighbor and come up with a
definition of organic.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon atoms unique bonding properties.
• Carbon is the building block of life because
all living things are made up of Carbon
• Carbons structure gives it, its unique
properties
• Because it has 4 electrons in its outer shell
it is able to bond with 4 other atoms.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon atoms unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,
including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of
structures.
– straight chain
– branched chain
– ring
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small
subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the molecular subunits of a polymer or
a single subunit.
– Polymers are molecules that are made of many
monomers.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
– Carbohydrates include sugars
and starches.
– Monosaccharides are simple
sugars. (Glucose is the most
important)
– Polysaccharides include
starches, cellulose, and
glycogen.
• Starches-store E for plants
• Glycogen-store E for animals
• Cellulose-provide structure for
plants (celery)
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide
energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of
glucose monomers that
often has a branched
structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
monomer
Cellulose is a polymer
of glucose monomers
that has a straight, rigid
structure
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and
cholesterol.
– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids have several different functions.
– broken down as a source of energy
– make up cell membranes
– used to make hormones
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
– saturated fatty acids
– unsaturated fatty acids
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
– Polar phosphate “head”
– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Proteins are the most varied of C-based molecules. They
are many monomers of Amino Acids linked together to
form a polymer.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins
in organisms. Your body makes 12, you get the rest
from food.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Amino Acids are molecules that contain Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfer
– All Amino Acids have a similar structure: Carbon
bonded to Hydrogen, amino group (NH2), and a
Carboxyl group (COOH)
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.
• Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that form to link Amino
Acids together.
• Polypeptide bonds are may peptide bonds linked together.
– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• The specific sequence of Amino Acids determine the
structure and function of a protein.
Hemoglobin
hydrogen bond
– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure
and function. Example: there are 574 A.A in
hemoglobin, and just 1 out of place can cause
sickle cell anemia.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
deoxyribose (sugar)
nitrogen-containing molecule,
called a base
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
– DNA stores genetic DNA
information.
– RNA builds proteins. RNA