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Name ________________________________________ EPA CLIMATE CHANGE WEBSITE SURVEY BASIC INFORMATION 1. How much has Earth’s temperature risen over the past 100 years? ____________________ How much is it expected to rise over the next 100 years? ___________________ 2. What is EPA’s position on whether or not climate change is anthropogenic? (Cite direct evidence from the website) 3. How does global warming work, basically? COMMON QUESTIONS 4. Is there scientific consensus on global warming? 5. What is some of the evidence that supports climate change science? 6. Are human activities or natural variations in climate responsible for the climate change being observed today? GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 7. What are the four main greenhouse gases? List the major sources of each. 8. What percentage of each made up total emissions in 2013? 9. What is the 1) Global Warming Potential and 2) Lifetime for each of the global warming gases? CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE 10. What is significant about the causes of climate change before and after the 1700s? 11. Explain albedo. What is normal albedo for Earth? 12. What has solar output been like over the past eleven years, as Earth’s temperatures have been increasing? 13. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased by more than ____% since pre-industrial times, from approximately _____ parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the 18th century to _____ ppmv in 2013. In April of 2014, the monthly average concentration at Mauna Loa exceeding _____ ppm for the first time in human history. The current CO2 level is higher than it has been in at least ____________ years. Some volcanic eruptions released large quantities of CO2 in the distant past. However, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports that human activities now emit more than _______ times as much CO2 as volcanoes each year. Human activities currently release over _____ billion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. [2] The resultant build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere is like a tub filling with water, where more water flows from the faucet than the drain can take away. NORTHEAST 14. The Northeastern climate is experiencing noticeable changes that are expected to increase in the future. Between 1895 and 2011, temperatures rose by almost _____°F and projections indicate warming of _____°F to _____°F by the 2080s 15. Between 1958 and 2012, the Northeast saw more than a _____% increase in the amount of rainfall measured during heavy precipitation events, more than in any other region in the United States. 16. Residents in urban areas may experience even warmer temperatures because of the _____________ effect, in which metropolitan areas are significantly warmer due to dense populations and human activity. Residents in rural areas are also at high risk because of more buildings and homes without ___________________________. 17. Studies indicate that climate change is lengthening the pollen season of common allergens such as ____________, particularly for northern portions of the U.S. Warmer and wetter conditions may increase seasonal activity and the extent of suitable habitat for _______ and _______________, elevating risks of human exposure to vector-borne diseases like ________________ and __________________. More frequent extreme precipitation events and flooding could increase the risk of injury or death, exposure to waterborne illnesses, and reduced access to _________________________. 18. Millions of Northeastern residents live near coastlines and river floodplains, where they are potentially more vulnerable to these climate-related impacts. During storm events with heavy precipitation, combined _______________________ systems in this region can overload, resulting in _______________________ discharge into bodies of water used for recreation or drinking water and creating health risks. 19. In the Northeast, sea level has risen by approximately _____ ft since 1900, which has caused more frequent flooding of coastal areas.Globally, sea level is projected to rise by _____ to _____ ft by the end of this century. 20. Longer, drier summers may reduce water availability and increase plant heat stress, also reducing yields. Warmer spring temperatures may be followed by cold snaps, causing frost damage, while warmer winters and longer growing seasons may increase pressure from weeds and pests.[1] These challenges are likely to affect the types of crops cultivated in the Northeast, as large portions of the region may become unsuitable for growing fruits, like ____________ and ________________, and other crops, like ____________ and ___________________. _______________ production is important to the Northeast's agricultural economy and is expected to be negatively affected by increasing temperatures. Warmer conditions cause _________________ in farm animals, reducing milk yields and calf birth rates. Projected warming temperatures could also increase operations and production costs alongside reductions in _______ and _________ production. 21. _____________ are likely to be harmed by climate change. Many commercially important species are projected to move _________________ as the region's warming habitats become less suitable. This shift in location is expected to cause local declines in species including lobster and cod. New diseases may also reduce the populations of fisheries. For example, a bacterial shell disease that infects lobsters is currently limited by low water temperatures in the northern portion of the Northeast. ________________________________ may allow this disease to move northward causing reduced catch, similar to what has been observed in southern parts of the region. 22. The Northeast is home to a diverse mixture of species and ecosystems that are affected by climate change. Ranges of certain _________ species are moving northward and to higher elevations where temperatures are cooler. The range of economically important tree species, like ___________________, is expected to shrink within the U.S. as its preferred climate shifts north into _______________. Warmer temperatures are also increasing outbreaks of forests pests and pathogens, including hemlock woolly adelgid. Growing _____________ populations have been degrading forest understories, while invasive plants like kudzu have been expanding their range and contributing to a loss of biodiversity, function, and resilience in some ecosystems. 23. Temperature changes also influence the _______________ of important ecological events, causing birds to migrate _____________ and plants to bloom and leaf _______________.Climate change and sea level rise are expected to harm coastal ecosystems, causing declines in water quality, increasing harmful _________________________, and shrinking _________________________. 24. Winter recreational snow and ice activities generate about ________ billion for the Northeast economy annually. These activities include snow sports (_______________, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, dog sledding) and ice-based activities (____________________ and skating). Projected increases in temperature could reduce snow cover and shorten winter snow seasons, limiting and altering these activities. 25. Explain how feedback loops work. Provide three examples of positive feedback loops and one example of a negative feedback loop, from the website.