Download Evolution Review - Milan Area Schools

Name:________________
Evolution Review Concepts
Chapter 14: Earth’s History
A. Earth’s Age – More than _______________ years old
B. _______________________Dating – The use of isotope decay to arrive at age of object.
C. ________ – the amount of time it takes for a specific isotope to decay by one half
D. Carbon _____– the isotope of Carbon 12 used to date _____________ materials
i. Carbon 14 has been in the atmosphere at a relatively steady amount throughout time.
ii. An organism stops absorbing Carbon 14 when _____________
iii. Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,715 years; therefore, it is only useful for Organic
remains ______________ years or less old.
Carbon 14 Decay
120
Ammount of Carbon 14 (g
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Fossil Age (years)
Chap 15. The Fossil Record: Part One
A.Types of Fossils
1. _____________ – when an organism (usually flat) is covered by fine silt that
then hardens into rock. This leaves a one-dimensional impression within the rock.
2. ___________– When a three dimensional organism dies and is covered with silt
which hardens, the organism decays leaving a hollow impression of the exterior
of the organism.
3. _________ – When a mold fills with minerals forming a three dimensional
shape.
B. Law of ________________ – law that states that successive layers of rock or soil deposited
one on top of each other over time with the youngest layer on top and oldest on the bottom.
C. __________ – name given to individual layers of rock or soil.
d. Relative age – determination of fossil age in relation to another fossil based on location
(depth) of strata where each was found. (allows you to say tha a fossil that was deeper is
_________ that a fossil closer to the surface)
E. Absolute age – Estimate of age based on all
available tools (radioactive dating, strata location etc.
F.
Principle of fossil ____________= slight changes in fossils
over time, new replacing old
G. __________________ – the disappearance of an organism
H. _______________ – the disappearance of many organisms at the same time.
B. Biogeography – geographical distribution of fossils and related living organisms.
Chap 15 Part Two: Theories of Evolution
A.
Lamarck – _____________ _____________(not determined by genes) passed on to
offspring. (Theory replaced by Wallace and Darwin)
B. Natural Selection
i. Alfred Wallace – contemporary of Darwin, proposed natural selection theory just
prior to Darwin.
ii. Charles Darwin – credited with theory of natural selection, published “ The Origin of
Species” in 1859
Basic events in natural selection:
a. you have a population and it _________________
b. there is _______________ in the population (not all are same)
c. the conditions in the ______________ change
d. this causes a _____________ to survive and those organisms with an
_____________ advantage are more likely to survive and reproduce
e. over time, the _____________ changes and there are more individuals
with the desired trait
iii. Darwin
1. _________________ – Charles Lyell - Geological structures resulted from
cycles of observable processes operating over large periods of time these are
the same as modern day processes. (basically said that earth was much older
than previously thought)
2. Visited the ______________Islands – while he was a naturalist aboard the
HMS Beagle. While there he especially noticed these kinds of birds
__________
3. 1858 - Published “On The Origin Of Species By Means Of Natural Selection”
(Origin of Species)
4. __________ with modification – Newer forms of fossils are modified
descendants of older fossils
5. Modification by Natural Selection
a. _______________ adapt to environment by changes in genetic makeup
b. Individuals that are better able to pass traits on to larger number of
offspring are the _______________
Chap 15 Part Three: Evidence for evolution:
1. _____________ Structures – Similar features that originated in a
shared ancestor and have similar forms
2. _______________ Structures – Features that serve identical functions in independently
evolved species
3. ______________Structures – Apparently useless features that may have had a function in the past
4.
Patterns of evolution
1. ______________ – 2 species that evolve together like clownfish and anemones]
2.
______________ evolution – 2 species that are not related but have similar features
like sugar gliders and flying squirrels
3. ________________ evolution: 2 species that shared a common ancestor but now have
evolved different traits
a. _____________ radiation - Darwin’s finches
b. ______________ selection – different breeds of dogs
Chap 16 Genetic Equilibrium
A.Variation of traits in a Population
Variation often has this shape: _____________
B. Causes of Variations
a.Mutations
b.Recombination during meiosis
C. Changes in the ___________ __________________ (all of the genetic info in a population)
depends on:
a.Allele frequency
b.Phenotype frequency
______________ drift = when population traits change because of a random event)
B. Hardy – Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium
1. 5 Conditions for no evolution to occur
a. No net __________
b. No immigration or Emigration
c. The population is very _______________
d. Individuals randomly mate
e. Selection does not occur
C. Changes in population (selection types)
A. _____________ selection:
favors average individuals
B. _____________
selection favors individuals
at either extreme
C. ______________ selection:
favors individuals at 1 end
(like all tall organisms)
Species Concepts:
____________ Concept: Species defined by looks (similar structures, bones, characteristics) good for fossils
____________ Concept: Species defined as individuals who can successfully reproduce and produce fertile offspring
Isolating Mechanisms:
_______________ : physical separation by rivers, mountains etc
________________: non-physical separation of groups that live together and are capable of reproducing but
don't
A. Prezygotic: isolation ______________ reproduction (easier on females) like nocturnal and diurnal
B. Postzygotic: isolation _____________ reproduction that produces infertile offspring
Rates of Evolution:
Theories on how fast evolution (or species formation) occurred:
A. ________________ Equilibrium: theory that states that evolution went through long periods with
little or no change with brief periods of lots of change
B. __________________: This theory states that evolution of new species occurred slowly over a
long period of time.
* Modern theory suggests a mixture of the 2 and fossil evidence supports this