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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2011
Psychological Disorders
2
Basic Concepts and Mood
Disorders
Module 32
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Defining Psychological Disorders
 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT:
ADHD—Normal High Energy or Genuine
Disorder?
Understanding Psychological
Disorders
 The Medical Model
 The Biopsychosocial Approach
4
Classifying Psychological
Disorders
 CLOSE-UP: The “un-DSM”: A
Diagnostic Manual of Human
Strengths
Labeling Psychological
Disorders
5
Rates of Psychological Disorders
 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT:
Insanity and Responsibility
Mood Disorders
 Major Depressive Disorder
 Bipolar Disorder
 Understanding Mood Disorders
 CLOSE-UP: Suicide
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Psychological Disorders
I felt the need to clean my room … would spend four to
five hours at it… At the time I loved doing it. Then I
didn't want to do it any more, but I couldn’t stop… The
clothes hung… two fingers apart… I touched my
bedroom wall before leaving the house… I had constant
anxiety… I thought I might be nuts.
Marc, diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(from Summers, 1996)
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Psychological Disorders
People are fascinated by the exceptional, the
unusual, and the abnormal. This fascination
may be caused by two reasons:
1.
During various moments we feel, think, and act
like an abnormal individual.
2.
Psychological disorders may bring unexplained
physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal
thoughts.
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Defining Psychological Disorders
Mental health workers view psychological
disorders as ongoing patterns of thoughts,
feelings, and actions that are deviant,
distressful, and dysfunctional (Comer, 2004).
Standards for deviance vary from culture to
culture and over time.
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Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional
Carol Beckwith
• Deviant behavior
(going naked) in one
culture may be
considered normal,
while in others it may
lead to arrest.
• Deviant behavior must
accompany distress.
• If a behavior is
dysfunctional it is
clearly a disorder.
In the Wodaabe tribe men
wear costumes to attract
women. In Western society
this would be considered
abnormal.
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ADHD—Normal High Energy or
Genuine Disorder?
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
is marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or
more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention,
hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Increasing rates of diagnoses of ADHD has lead to
skepticism over whether normal childhood energy
is being misdiagnosed as a psychological disorder.
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Understanding Psychological
Disorders
Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders
include trephination, exorcism, being caged like
animals, being beaten, burned, castrated,
mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.
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The Medical Model
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that
madness was not due to demonic possession, but an
ailment of the mind.
George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, 1907. © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago
Dance in the madhouse.
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Medical Model
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to
mental disorders, they started using medical models
to review the physical causes of these disorders.
A mental illness must be diagnosed on the basis of
symptoms and cured through therapy which may
include treatment in a hospital.
14
The Biopsychosocial Approach
Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and
psychological factors combine and interact to
produce psychological disorders.
15
Classifying Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic classification aims to describe a disorder as
well as predict its course, suggest treatment, and
stimulate research.
The American Psychiatric Association rendered a
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) to describe psychological disorders.
The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision,
2000), describes 400 psychological disorders compared
to 60 in the 1950s.
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Classifying Psychological
Disorders
Disorders outlined by DSM-IV-TR are
reasonably reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by
different professionals are similar.
Others criticize DSM-IV-TR for casting too wide
a net and putting too many people in the
category of having a mental disorder.
17
Labeling Psychological Disorders
There are benefits to labelling disorders. Labels
are helpful for healthcare professionals in
communicating about their cases, trying to
understand underlying causes, and discerning
effective treatment.
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Labeling Psychological Disorders
Critics of the DSM argue that labels may stigmatize
individuals and may become self-fulfilling prophecies.
With continued knowledge, some of the stigma seems to be
lifting, but stereotypes linger and those with disorders are
often portrayed negatively.
Howie Mandel uses humor to deal with his OCD and to help
others understand the disorder.
19
Rates of Psychological Disorders
20
Rates of Psychological Disorders
The prevalence of psychological disorders during
the previous year is shown below (WHO, 2004).
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Mood Disorders
Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in
two principal forms.
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Bipolar disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder
Depression is the “common cold” of
psychological disorders. It is the leading cause
of disability worldwide affecting 5.8% of men
and 9.5% of women report depression in a given
year (WHO, 2002).
To feel bad as a reaction to sad events is a
normal response. But prolonged, this can
become maladaptive.
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Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when at least
five signs of depression (including lethargy,
feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in
family or friends) last two weeks or more and
are not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
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Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder,
bipolar disorder is an alternation between the
lows of depression and the euphoric,
hyperactive state of mania.
Though it is less common than major depressive
disorder, it is often more dysfunctional.
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Bipolar Disorder
Many great writers, poets, and composers
suffered from bipolar disorder. During their
manic phase creativity surged, but not during
their depressed phase.
Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
The Granger Collection
Wolfe
George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library
Bettmann/ Corbis
Whitman
Clemens
Hemingway
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Explaining Mood Disorders
Since depression is so prevalent worldwide,
investigators want to develop a theory of
depression that will suggest ways to treat it.
Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory
of depression should explain the following:
1. Behavioral and cognitive changes
2. Common causes of depression
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Theory of Depression
3. Women and more than twice as vulnerable
as men to major depression.
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Theory of Depression
4. Most depressive episodes self-terminate.
5. Stressful events often precede depression.
6. Depression is increasingly striking earlier in
life and affecting more people.
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Suicide
The most severe form of behavioral response to
depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people
commit suicide worldwide.
Suicide Statistics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
National differences
Racial differences
Gender differences
Age differences
Other differences
• Fig 32.4
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Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. The rate of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis link possible
genes and dispositions for
depression.
31
The Depressed Brain
PET scans show that brain energy consumption
rises and falls with manic and depressive
episodes.
Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E.
Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine
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The Depressed Brain
At least two neurotransmitter systems play a
role in depression. Norepinephrine, which
boosts mood and increases arousal and
serotonin. Both are scare during depression.
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
The social-cognitive perspective suggests that
depression arises partly from self-defeating
beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
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Negative Thoughts and Moods
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
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Depression Cycle
1. Negative stressful events.
2. Pessimistic explanatory
style.
3. Hopeless depressed state.
4. These hamper the way the
individual thinks and acts,
fueling personal rejection.
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