* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Observational methods in psychology wikipedia , lookup
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Psychophysics wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Psychology for AP - Unit 6 Study online at quizlet.com/_rdygl 1. acquisition in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response 2. Albert Bandura researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment 3. associative learning learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning 4. aversion theory Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response 14. discrimination in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus 15. discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) 16. Edward Thorndike Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. 17. extinction the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced 18. extrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment 19. fixed-interval schedule a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed 20. cognitive map a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) fixed-ratio schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses 21. generalization conditioned reinforcer a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses 22. habituation an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it 6. B.F. Skinner pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats. 10. conditioned stimulus (CS) reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs the view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) 9. 12. in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) continuous reinforcement behaviorism 8. conditioned response (CR) 13. 5. 7. 11. biofedback Biofeedback is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. classical conditioning 23. higher-order conditioning a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning) 35. mirror neurons frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath 36. modeling the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior 37. negative reinforcement increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment) 38. observational learning learning by observing others 39. observational learning learning by observing others (also social learning) behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences 24. insight a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem 40. operant behavior 25. intrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake 41. operant chamber 26. Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (18491936) 27. John Garcia Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. 28. John Watson behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat 29. latent learning learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it 30. law of effect Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely 31. learned helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events 32. learning a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience 33. little albert subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear 34. Martin Seligman researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking 42. operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher 43. partial (intermittent) reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement 44. positive reinforcement increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response 45. primary reinforce an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need 46. prosocial behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior 47. punishment an event that decreases the behavior that it follows 48. reinforce in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows 49. respondent behavior behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus 50. Rosalie Rayner graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion 51. shaping an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior 52. spontaneous recovery the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response 53. unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth 54. unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response 55. variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals 56. variable-ratio schedule in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses