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Psychology for AP - Unit 6
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1.
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when
one links a neutral stimulus and an
unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral
stimulus begins triggering the conditioned
response. In operant conditioning, the
strengthening of a reinforced response
2.
Albert
Bandura
researcher famous for work in observational
or social learning including the famous Bobo
doll experiment
3.
associative
learning
learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical
conditioning) or a response and its
consequences (as in operant conditioning
4.
aversion
theory
Aversion therapy is a form of behavior
therapy in which an aversive (causing a
strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is
paired with an undesirable behavior in order
to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
in classical conditioned, an originally
irrelevant stimulus that, after association
with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes
to trigger a conditioned response
14.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability
to distinguish between a conditioned
stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an
unconditioned stimulus
15.
discriminative
stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that
elicits a response after association with
reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli
not associated with reinforcement)
16.
Edward
Thorndike
Pioneer in operant conditioning who
discovered concepts in intstrumental
learning such as the law of effect. Known for
his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
17.
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response;
occurs in classical conditioning when a
unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow
a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in
operant condition when a response is no
longer reinforced
18.
extrinsic
motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive
promised rewards or avoid threatened
punishment
19.
fixed-interval
schedule
a type of learning in which one learns to link
two or more stimuli and anticipate events
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
schedule that reinforces a response only
after a specified time has elapsed
20.
cognitive
map
a mental representation of the layout of one's
environment. (For example, after exploring a
maze, rats act as if they have learned a
cognitive map of it)
fixed-ratio
schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
schedule that reinforces a response only
after a specified number of responses
21.
generalization
conditioned
reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power
through its association with a primary
reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce
the tendency, once a response has been
conditioned, for stimuli similar to the
conditioned stimulus to elicit responses
22.
habituation
an organism's decreasing response to a
stimulus with repeated exposure to it
6.
B.F. Skinner
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed
that everything we do is determined by our
past history of rewards and punishments. he
is famous for use of his operant conditioning
aparatus which he used to study schedules of
reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.
10.
conditioned
stimulus (CS)
reinforcing the desired response every time
it occurs
the view that psychology: (1) should be an
objective science that (2) studies behavior
without reference to mental processes. Most
research psychologists today agree with (1)
but not with (2)
9.
12.
in classical conditioning, the learned
response to a previously neutral (but now
conditioned) stimulus (CS)
continuous
reinforcement
behaviorism
8.
conditioned
response (CR)
13.
5.
7.
11.
biofedback
Biofeedback is a technique that trains people
to improve their health by controlling certain
bodily processes that normally happen
involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood
pressure, muscle tension, and skin
temperature.
classical
conditioning
23.
higher-order
conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned
stimulus in one conditioning experience is
paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a
second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
(For example, an animal that has learned that
a tone predicts food might then learn that a
light predicts the tone and begin responding
to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order
Conditioning)
35.
mirror
neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when
performing certain actions or when
observing another doing so. The brain's
mirroring of another's actions may enable
imitation and empath
36.
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a
specific behavior
37.
negative
reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or
reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A
negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when
removed after a response, strengthens the
response (negative reinforcement is not
punishment)
38.
observational
learning
learning by observing others
39.
observational
learning
learning by observing others (also social
learning)
behavior that operates on the environment,
producing consequences
24.
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the
solution to a problem
40.
operant
behavior
25.
intrinsic
motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for
its own sake
41.
operant
chamber
26.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who observed
conditioned salivary responses in dogs (18491936)
27.
John Garcia
Researched taste aversion. Showed that when
rats ate a novel substance before being
nauseated by a drug or radiation, they
developed a conditioned taste aversion for
the substance.
28.
John Watson
behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors
of people and their reactions on a given
situation; famous for Little Albert study in
which baby was taught to fear a white rat
29.
latent
learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until
there is an incentive to demonstrate it
30.
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed
by faborable consequences become more like,
that behaviors followed by unfavorable
consequences become less likely
31.
learned
helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an
animal or human learns when unable to avoid
repeated aversive events
32.
learning
a relatively permanent change in an
organism's behavior due to experience
33.
little albert
subject in John Watson's experiment, proved
classical conditioning principles, especially the
generalization of fear
34.
Martin
Seligman
researcher known for work on learned
helplessness and learned optimism as well as
positive psychology
in operant conditioning research, a chamber
(also known as a Skinner box) containing a
bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
obtain food or water reinforce; attached
devices record the animal's rate of bar
pressing or key pecking
42.
operant
conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by a reinforce or
diminished followed by a punisher
43.
partial (intermittent)
reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
44.
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that,
when presented after a response, strengthens the response
45.
primary reinforce
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
46.
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
47.
punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
48.
reinforce
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
49.
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
50.
Rosalie Rayner
graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically
conditioned emotion
51.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer
approximations of the desired behavior
52.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
53.
unconditioned
response (UR)
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US),
such as salivation when food is in the mouth
54.
unconditioned
stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
55.
variable-interval
schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
56.
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable
number of responses