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Evolution Notes
Main Idea
Evolution
definition
Details
Evolution is:
Owl Pellets
What can skeletal remains reveal?
Vocab: List words here
How do we
study the
past?
Clues in the
Rocks
Fossils
By studying other planets and _________ on earth we know that the earth was
__________ _______ 4.6 __________ years ago
_________________ pulled the densest to the ___________ and the _________ was
formed 500 __________ years ago
Then the __________________ formed because of ___________ and ________ would
not have existed like we know it because ______________ gasses were in the
atmosphere and it was too ______.
The earth cooled and ___________ formed 500 million years ago.
1st life clues came from _______ billion years ago.
How do we know? ____________________
Most ______________ _______________ when dead. ______% of species that lived
on earth are ________- only a tiny amount of those ________________.
Fossils only form when ______________ in sediment soon after death.
Most common in ______________ environments because __________ is always
moving.
Law of
Supposition
Types of
Fossils
Why are they
not
everywhere?
Age of fossils
Half life
Newest rocks are where?
Oldest?
What changes?
1. Trace fossils- any ____________ evidence left by an organism. Example:
2. Molds and _______ - a _________ is an impression of an organism. A _______
is a mold filled with _____________.
3. Replacement- ___________ material is ___________ with ____________
crystals leaving a _______________ of the organism
4. Petrified- empty _________ fill with minerals
5. Amber- ______________ tree _____ traps and then _____________ preserves
the organism
6. Original- ___________ or freezing.
1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________
2. ________________________________________________________________
_______
3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________
4. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______
Dating fossils
1. Relative dating – compare to the __________ of earth they are found in
2. Radiometric dating – uses _______ ______ of _________ (different # p and
n)of the rock fossil was found in.
3. ____________ dating- used for mummies or _________ living organism (1/2
life of carbon)
Using the chart on power point how many half lives will Bi go through in 20 days?
How many grams of Bi will remain after 5 days?
Geological
Time
Origin of life
Will the mass of Bi ever go to 0 grams?
Foldable directions and activity.
Oldest ideas of life was _________________ ________________.
______ meat experiment disproved this. How?
______________ replaced this hypothesis because __________ Pastuer used _______
to grow organisms. How?
_________________ soup hypothesis- simple ___________ molecules could be made
from ______________ compounds as proved by Miller- ________ experiment.
How?
Then ___________ synthesis gave rise to ___________ code _____ gives life its first
genetic code.
Molecules then went to __________ and __________________ evolved.
Endosymbiotic
Theory
How does
evolution
occur?
What do you see?
Cells __________ other cell parts to make multicellular organisms.
Before Darwin:
________ Baptiste __________ - first evolutionary theory in 1809. Nature moves
toward perfection by ______ and ________ or inheritance of ____________ traits.
Example:
History
Modification acquired during lifetime is passed on to offspring T or F?
James ________ ( _____________)geological change is continuous and _______.
Lyell: (_____________________) forces that shape earth are still occurring (example:
__________ and ____________)
Result: Earth must be more than a few thousand years old like they thought.
Charles
Darwin
Significant
findings
Malthus- believed that __________ have the capacity to overproduce offspring (only
the ______________ survive). This could lead to a lack of ________, space for human
populations.
Credited with the__________ of ____________ based on ____________ selection.
He was a ______________ on the H.M.S Beagle. He did not believe that species
change at the beginning of his voyage to explore.
Galapagos Islands – located off the coast of ___________ __________. At first he
believed that the earth was ________ years old. Species were _________ for specific
________ and appeared on Earth in present form.
On the islands he realized the species on the islands were like those in SA but not the
exact same.
Ex: _______, _______________ and ______________
Fossils resembled _________ organisms in the same area. Why did some live and
others die?
Each island had different plants and animals. Even though they were relatively close in
proximity.
Natural
Selection
Evidence for
Evolution
Adaptation
Structural
Adaptation
Natural selection
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Darwin’s book – On the Origin of Species (1859) stated that
1. __________ occur in nature
2. There is a ___________ for existence called ______________
3. Survival of the ________ is when _________ best suited for the ____________
will ___________, _______________ and pass their ______ to offspring
4. _____________________ of offspring can occur
1. ________ Records.
Older fossil records in lower rock layers
__________ traits or ______ traits are not found in _________ fossils
Ancestrial traits or _____________ features that appear in ancestors example
______ and ______.
Transitional fossils show ____________ in traits through time
2. Comparative anatomy. What do you see?
__________ of related ancestors are __________ in early stages. Examples
3. _____________ structures: ___________ form of a structure in other
organisms. Examples:
4. Analogous structures: not all ___________ ___________ mean a __________
ancestor. Example:
5. ___________________ body structures. Wing of a _____ resembles the
____________ of a mammal, not a bird. Wing of a bird resembles
___________ of a ___________
6. Biochemical evidence- Comparing ______ nucleotide sequences (more recent)
7. Geographic _________________: due to different _________ changes
____________result in ___________ among organisms.
Adaptation is :
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3 types:
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
Each adaptation for
_____________________ of the Fittest
Fitness: ________________ success or the ____________ of offspring you _________
that contribute to the next _______________________
Better ______________= ________ fit (not _______________)
________ that involve the ____________ structure (____________) of an organism.
Example:
Mimicry- ____________ looks like ______________ so predators avoid= survival
Camouflage- blend into environment like ___________ and _______ can’t see =
survive
Behavioral
Adaptations
_______________ traits or _________ that help an organism survive and
____________ in a given environment.
Example:
Physiological
Adaptations
Traits that involve the _________________ functions or ____________ of an organism.
Examples:
Mechanisms
of Evolution
What are ways evolution happens?
Population genetics- How do any _____________ genes ever show up in a population?
Evolution won’t occur unless ________ _______________ ( how many ____ vs ____)
are acted upon by forces that cause change.
Allele ____________________ remains constant in a population (no evolution) if these
factors are present
1. ______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
4. _______________________
5. _______________________
HardyWeinberg
Principle
Hardy
Weinberg
equation
MEMORIZE!!!!
P+q= 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
(homozygous dominant + heterozygous+ homozygous recessive= all possible
combinations)
P = dominant allele (A)
q = recessive alleles (a)
A+ a = 100% of alleles
Hardy
Weinberg
Practice
Problem
Equilibrium
If Hardy Weinberg=1 then equilibrium exists- Hardly EVER happens in nature over
extended periods because of
1. No genetic ___________
2. No _______ flow
Evolution of
Populations
2 main types
of Genetic
Variation
What is all
that stuff?
3. No ________________
4. No _____________ mating
5. No natural _________________
6. No gene ________________
7. No ___________________effect
8. No ____________ neck
________ pooi: the ________________genetic information of a __________________
1. __________________________ a change in ______ strand
2. ___________ ________________ - during sexual reproduction (meiosis)
chromosomes move ____________________ (crossing over) producing
______________________ of combinations of genes
Genetic drift - ________ in alleles due to __________________
Example:
Gene _______- also called ______________- moves genes from one _____________ to
another
Example:
Mutations- random mutations mostly cause death but some are _________________.
Example: Pepperd moth lab
Random mating- mating is not random- mates choose carefully.
Example:
Bottle neck- example of ______________ drift where population ____________ to
extremely _____ numbers then ___________
Example:
__________________effect- ______ sample settles in a location completely
____________ from others. Random alleles now become the _______
Example:
Gene _________________- aka _____________ over.
Example:
3 types of
Natural
selectionknow these
graphs!!!
1. _____________________ selection
2. ____________________selection
3. _____________________selection
1. ______________ selection- genetic diversity _______________as the
population becomes stable.
Graph:
Example:
2. ___________________selection- forms at ______ ends of the range of
_______________________ are favored. Average or intermediate forms are
selected _____________
Graph:
Example:
3. _____________________selection. ____________ selection favors one
________________ and the allele frequency _______ in ______ direction
Graph:
Example:
Speciation
Define: _________________________________________________________
This can happen because of species _______________
1. Reproductive: Organisms __________interbreed and have
______________gene pools
2. _______________: different courtship ______________
3. Geographic: separated by a ______________( river or ___________)
4. ___________________: reproduce at _______________ times (____________)
Allopatric
speciation
AKA- _________________________
Physical barrier divides 2 ______________________long enough they _____ _____ be
able to ____________________
Example:
Sympatric
Speciation
Species ________ into new species with ____ physical barrier or side by side
Example:
Patterns of
Evolution
1. _______________ evolution – aka _____________ radiation
2. _________________- aka ___________________
3. Co evolution _______ race- predator prey
4. _________________ evolution
5.
The process of ____ or more ________________species becoming more and more
_______________
Example:
Divergent
evolution
Co – evolution
_________________________- as one species evolves __________ does as well
Example:
Co- evolution
arms race
_____________/______ systems- a ______________ has an
____________________that _______ have to overcome. They do and the
_________________ has to evolve a new ______ to fight back.
Example:
Antibiotic resistance-
Convergent
evolution
_____ different _______ with different _________ evolve to display similar physical
features.
Example:
Micro and
Macro
evolution
Micro evolution- _______________ in allele frequency ____________ a species
______ evolution _____ species – new forms replaces _____ as revealed in the
_________ record.