Download Essential Question: What is biochemistry

Biochemistry
Essential Question: What is
biochemistry?
Biochemistry- the study of the chemical
substances in organisms.
Elements:




C, H, N, O, P, and S are the most
important elements for organisms.
Na, K, and Fe are also important.
Atoms of elements are almost never
found alone, thus they combine to form
larger substances called molecules Exs.
O2 , F2 or to form compounds Exs. H2O,
C6H12O6 .
The attraction that hold to atoms
together is called a bond.
Essential Question: What are
Organic Compounds?
Organic Compounds:
Compounds that contain carbon and
hydrogen.
Carbon form covalent bonds. Can have
up to four bonds.
Tend to be very large molecules. Ex.
Hemoglobin
Made up small units that are covalently
bonded together. (freight train)
Polymer-large molecule made up by
covalently bonding smaller units together.
Dehydration Synthesis-process by which a
polymer is formed by the removal of
water.
Hydrolysis-process by which a polymer is
broken into smaller units by the addition
of water.
Four Major Groups of Organic
Compounds:




Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates(CHO):






Contain C, H, O
H and O are in a 2:1 ratio Ex. C6H12O6
Usually end in ose. Exs. Sucrose, Maltose.
Called simple sugars (monosaccharide) Ex.
Glucose
Used for energy storage and providing
building materials
Exs. Glycogen, Lactose, and Cellulose
Glycogen:
Stored Polysaccharide(many
sugars).
Stored in muscles and liver (in
animals).
Provides enough energy for 30
minutes of strenuous exercise.
Polysaccharide -many
monosaccharides joined
together by dehydration
synthesis to form a long chain
of sugars.
Starch- Polysaccharide
Stored energy in plants
Exs. potatoes, corn,
seeds
Cellulose-Polysaccharide
Builds structure in plants (cell
wall)
Main part of wood and grass.
Types of Sugars
•
•
•
•
Lactose -milk sugar
Fructose- fruit sugar
Sucrose-table sugar
Maltose- malt sugar
Lipids (fats, oils)
Long term storage, basic structure
of cell membrane, insulation
and protection
Composed of glycerol(backbone)
and 3 fatty acids.
Two Types of Lipids:
Fatty Acids:
Saturated Fatty Acid-every carbon
in the chain is bonded to a
Hydrogen. Has only single
bonds. Exs. meat, butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acid- every
carbon is not bonded to a
Hydrogen. May contain
double bonds. Ex.
vegetable oil
B. Steroids-consist of a ring of carbon
atoms
Ex. Cholesterol (found only in
animal).
Cholesterol-----testosterone
-----estrogen
**Too much cholesterol can lead to
atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries).
Can lead to heart disease.
Proteins: a. More diverse than other organic
compounds.
(100’s of 1,000’s of different
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
proteins)
b. More complex and larger than other
organic compounds. Makes up a large
% of the body.
(1/2 remaining weight after removal;
of water)
Functions:
Building materials Ex. Collagen and
Elastin
Transport other substances Ex.
Hemoglobin
Send chemical messages. Ex. Insulin
and thyroxin (hormones)
Provide defense (antibodies)
Control chemical and metabolic
activities Ex. Enzymes control
digestion
Made up of polymers of Amino Acids
(20 A.A.)
Exs. Alanine, Tryptophan, Glycine
Functions of Proteins
Enzymes
A. Enzymes: a. Type of protein
b. Are organic catalyst
Catalyst-chemical that controls the rate of a
chemical reaction. Ex: Speeds it up (100 years
vs. 10x/sec)
c. Reaction specific. Exs. Lipase-lipids
maltase-maltose
protease-proteins
Enzymes
D. Every reaction occurring in an organism
requires an enzyme.
E. Not affected by a chemical reaction
F. May be used over and over.
G. Enzymes work by the Lock and Key Concept.
Lock and Key:
Substrate- Material an
enzyme works on. Ex.
Lactase—lactose.
Enzyme-Substrate
Complex-Temporary
association with the
substrate.
Active Site-Part of an
enzyme that comes in
contact with a substrate.
Activation Energy-Energy
needed to start a
reaction. Ex. Match.
• Only small amounts of
enzymes are needed.
Coenzyme-Substances that
help enzymes work. Exs.
Vitamins and minerals (Zn,
Fe, Cu)
Scurvy -Deficiency of vitamin
C
 Black and blue spots due
to leakage of blood from
capillaries.
 Teeth fall out and vision
problems.
 Enzymes absent that
cements the walls of the
capillaries .
Factors Influencing
Enzymes Action:





Temperature. a. Optimum temperature is 37
C in humans and 25 C in plants
Changes shape of the active site, thus
reaction can’t occur.
Change in active site is not reversible. Ex.
Cooking and egg.
pH: a. Optimum pH is 7
Changes in pH, change the shape of
enzyme.
Nucleic Acids
. Nucleic Acids: a. Organic
compound
b. Made up of
nucleotides (1,000)
Two Types:
DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA(ribonucleic acid)
pH:
pH-Measure of how acidic or
basic a substance is.
pH scale: a. Scale from -14.
 Below 7-acid.
 7 is neutral.
 7.1-14-base.
Acid-a. Substance that forms H
ions in solution.
 Turns litmus paper red.
 Tastes sour.
 Exs. Citric acid, acetic acid
Base-a. Substance that forms OH
ions in solution.
 Turns litmus paper blue.
 Is caustic.
 Exs. Soap, cleaning supplies.