Download (period 3 trade routes less Silk Road) Europe led with technological

Period 4 Study Guide
I.
Interconnection of Eastern and western hemispheres with the AGE
OF EXPLORATION
A.
Intensification of existing trade in Indian Ocean, Mediterranean,
Sahara and overland Eurasia (period 3 trade routes less Silk Road)
B.
Europe led with technological advancements based on ideas of
others in ship design, cartography, navigation, Examples: Caravel,
Astrolabe, compass
C.
New trans-ocean voyages
1.
China- Zeng He send out from China by MIngs-all the way to Africa
2.
Portugal- Prince Henry starts school-sends out da Gama & Diaz to
Africa and India to challenge Italian and Muslim Indian Ocean routes
3.
Spain sends out Columbus
4.
North Atlantic voyages by Norse for fishing settlements continue from
period 3
5.
Oceania and Polynesians not really affected (wait until period 5)
because Europeans rarely in Pacific
D.
Global circulation of goods aided by monarch led monopolies of
trade (Mercantilism & joint stock companies) which take gold/silver
from New World to buy Asian goods
E.
Columbian Exchange- populations around the world benefited
from exchange of food
1.
spread of diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles) decimated
Amerindians,
2.
American foods became staple crops to feed populations (Ex: potatoes,
maize, manioc)
3.
Cash crops of tobacco & sugar grown on plantations-usually with
forced labor
4.
Domesticated animals brought to new world- Ex: **horses, pigs, cattle
Period 4 Study Guide
5.
African slaves brought foods (remember: every migration brings
culture with it!) Ex: okra, rice
6.
Environment changed with influx of new plants and animals (Ex:
deforestation, soil depletion)
F.
Religion spread1.
Examples: Christianity from Europe/ African religions/
2.
New religions created: Sikhism in South Asia, Vodun in Caribbean,
cults of saints in Latin America[mix of Catholicism and Amerindian faiths
think Day of Dead]
G.
Merchants profits increased which led to funding of arts (patrons)
1.
Innovations in art seen all over the world; Renaissance art in Europe,
miniature paintings in Middle East and South Asia, wood-block prints in Japan,
post conquest codices in mesoamerica
2.
Literacy expanded: Examples of popular writers-Shakespeare,
Cervantes (spain), Sundiata (west Africa), Kabuki (Japan)
II.
New forms of Social Organization and modes of production
A.
Traditional peasant labor increased due to global demand for raw
materials & finished goods (effect of mercantilism)
1.
Peasant labor intensified--exs: Cossacks move to frontier in Russia,
cotton textile production in India, silk textile production in China
2.
Slave labor continued and intensified
3.
Growth of plantations increased labor needs
4.
Colonial economies depended on forced/coerced labor Exs: chattel
slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda system, Spanish adaptation of
Incan mita system
B.
New ethnic, racial, gender hierarchies
1.
New political & economic elites Exs: Manchus in China, Creole elites in
Latin America, European gentry (middle class forming) in Europe, urban
commercial entrepreneurs in major port cities all over world
Period 4 Study Guide
2.
Power of traditional elites fluctuated Exs: zamindars of Mughal empire
India, falling power of nobility in Europe, daimyo in Japan
3.
Gender and family restructuring Exs: esp in Africa as result of slave
trade, dependence of European men on Southeast Asian women for
conducting trade in that area, smaller size of European families, lack of
European women in latin America
4.
Massive demographic changes in America led to new social and racial
classifications Exs: Mestizo, mulatto, creole
III.
State consolidation & Expansion
A.
Rulers used variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their
power
1.
Rulers used the arts to display political power Exs: monumental
architecture (mosques, Versailles/castles), urban design, courtly literature,
visual arts (renaissance)
2.
Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize rule Exs:
European ideas of divine right of kings (absolutism under Louis XIV), Safavid
use of shiism, Aztec/Amerindian practice of human sacrifice, Songhay (west
Africa) promotion of Islam, Chinese emperors public performance of
Confucian rituals
3.
States treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that
utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge
the authority of the state Exs: Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims, Manchu
policies toward Chinese, Spanish creation of separate “republica de Indios” to
administer ameridians
4.
Recruitment of bureaucratic elites and military professionals to
control population Exs: Ottoman devshirme/janisarries, Chinese examination
system, salaried samurai in Japan
5.
Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to generate revenue for
territorial expansion
B.
State expansion relied on gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade
to establish large empires in both hemispheres
1.
Europeans established new trading posts empires in Africa and Asia
which provided riches to rulers and merchants involved in new global trade
routes
Period 4 Study Guide
2.
Land empires expanded dramatically in size Exs: Russia, Manchu in
China and Gunpowder empires of Ottoman, Mughals, Safavid
3.
European states established new maritime empires in the Americas:
Exs: Portugal, Spain, Dutch, French, Britain (know something about all of
these!!)
C.
Competition over trade routes, state rivalries and local resistance
all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion
1.
Competition over new trade routes: Ottoman vs European control of
routes in Indian Ocean, piracy among European states in Caribbean
2.
State rivalries (wars): Thirty Years war in Central Europe generally
between protestant and Catholic princes in German states, Ottoman vs Safavid
conflicts (Sunni vs Shi’ite)
3.
Local resistance to state building: food riots, Samurai revolts, peasants
uprisings