Download ****Disclaimer- This is not an exhaustive list of everything that may

****Disclaimer- This is not an exhaustive list of everything that may or may not be on the test,
this is only a GUIDE. I still reserve the right to test on any material in the book, lecture or lab,
even if it does not appear on this list.
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Be able to describe differentiation.
How does DNA packaging regulate gene expression?
Describe X chromosome inactivation.
Describe activators and repressors and their role in transcription.
Describe alternative splicing.
Be able to name and describe the mechanisms for regulation of translation and later
stages of gene expression.
7. Describe nuclear transplantation and reproductive cloning.
8. How do adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?
9. Describe cascades of gene expression and development.
10. Describe signal transduction pathways in general.
11. Be able to describe the genetic basis of cancer and different genes that might be mutated
to produce cancer including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
12. Describe how carcinogens contribute to cancer formation.
13. Describe the five steps for gene cloning.
14. What is a restriction enzyme and how is it used?
15. Describe mass production of gene products using recombinant cells.
16. Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting and RFLP analysis.
17. Describe gene therapy.
18. Describe the process of PCR and why it is used.
19. Describe genetically modified organisms.
20. What is an autotroph?
21. Where does photosynthesis occur? Be able to name and describe the major players,
chloroplasts, stroma, chlorophyll, thylakoid membranes, grana.
22. Be able to write the reaction that describes photosynthesis.
23. Be able to name the two main stages of photosynthesis and describe what goes in and
what comes out of each main stage.
24. What is light? Why are objects the colors we see?
25. What do chlorophyll and caretenoids do?
26. What happens when light enters the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast? What does
this produce?
27. Briefly describe chemiosmosis.
28. What is Carbon Fixation and how are stomata involved? (By the way, what are stomata?)
29. Be able to describe the flow of energy from oxygen to carbon dioxide and back and the
processes that enable that flow to continue.
30. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in organisms using oxygen to
drive cellular respiration.
31. What is cellular respiration? Be able to write the equation.
32. What are the three main stages of cellular respiration? Be able to say what goes in and
what comes out of each of these stages.
33. What is the form of energy actually used by your body?
34. What happens if you don’t have oxygen? Name and describe the process.
35. Be able to describe how the three main forms of nutrition are used for energy or made by
the reverse of these cycles.
36. Be able to discuss global warming issues.
37. What is the evidence for Descent with Modification or Natural Selection? (Briefly
describe each including:)
a. Biogeography
b. Fossil Record
c. Molecular Biology/Biochemistry/Cell Biology
d. Comparative Anatomy/Comparative Embryology
38. What were the key observations that Darwin used to come up with his theories?
39. Explain or briefly describe six examples of natural selection that can be observed.
40. Define the following terms:
a. Population
b. Species
c. Gene pool
d. Microevolution
41. What is the unit of evolution?
42. Describe the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and the five conditions needed to have it
happen.
43. Describe Genetic drift.
44. Name and describe the two genetic drift scenarios.
45. Describe other agents of change including:
a. Mutation
b. Non-random mating
c. Natural selection
46. Be able to discuss the reduced variation in endangered species.
47. Describe and differentiate between the three types of selection.
48. What is speciation?
49. Be able to describe the theory for the generation of the first organic molecules and
polymerization of those molecules.
50. Describe the theory of formation of cells and subcellular compartmentalization.
51. Be able to name the two main branches of prokaryotes and describe their similarities and
differences.
52. Be able to describe the main structural features of prokaryotes and their functions.
53. Describe how the energy source and carbon source differ in the different types of
organisms listed below:
a. Autotroph
i. Photoautotroph
ii. Chemoautotroph
b. Heterotroph
i. Photoheterotroph
ii. Chemoheterotroph
54. Describe some of the things prokaryotes do or are used for.
55. Describe two theories for the origin of the endomembrane system of organelles in
eukaryotes.
56. Describe the group of eukaryotes known as protists and be able to give a few examples.
57. Be able to describe the steps of evolution of multicellular organisms.
58. Understand the different species concepts including the biological species concept
59. Describe the two evolutionary theories
60. What are the types of prezygotic barriers? Postzygotic barriers?
61. How are new species created?
62. What are hybrid zones and what are the outcomes of these zones?
63. What is adaptive radiation and what are two ways new niches are opened?