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Chapter 9 The Glory of Ancient Rome . Bell Ringer • Answer the following question in your notebook, remember to RESTATE • Look at the pictures on p. 252-253, what do these images tell you about daily life in the ancient Roman Empire? – When you finish, copy down the chart on p. 252 for taking notes: leave yourself room for more facts Roman Daily Life • Rome had the most beautiful monuments and public buildings in the world. • Wealth and goods flowed freely to all parts of the empire. • Merchants made their living from tourists who visited the city. Why would Rome want a Census of their citizens? Roman Citizens • To be a Roman citizen was a matter of great pride. • Guess who were not considered as citizens? Roman Citizens • Hmm… How is this similar to the beginning of the United States? Roman Social Classes • Rome had 2 social classes: Wealthy citizens Lower class: poor people and slaves Rags to Riches?? • The poor lived in poorly built houses or multi-story apartment buildings. • They did not have running water nor plumbing. How do you think the poor of Rome felt about the rich? • The wealthy lived in villas and enjoyed feasts with game or boar. • They would have entertainment including dancers, performers and musicians. Bread and Circuses • To prevent the poor from rioting over late/bad grain shipments, the government gave them free grain and provided circus entertainment in the Colosseum. Do you think we have any, “Bread and Circuses” in our society today? Bread and Circuses • The Roman Government gave: Gladiators fought to the death. • Most gladiators were slaves, condemned criminals or prisoners or war. • Some were free men and women who enjoyed fame. All fought in bloody contests of strength. What happens if Caesar goes ‘thumbs up?’ Thumbs down? Roman Life • Despite the appeal of brutal combat and executions for “entertainment”, the Romans valued family life. • The Roman government provided family support. Help is on the Way! • The Roman Government provided support to the upper classes. These measures were designed to encourage the upper classes to increase the size of their families and to continue their family names. Why would the Roman government want the upper class to increase their family size? Help is on the Way! • For families with 3 or more…. • You get free land Head of the Household • The head of the household was the paterfamilias (pay tur • fuh MIL ee us). • The family included everything and everyone in the home under the “head of the household”. Luiggi wife Younger brother Child Daughter-in-law slaves mother Roles of Women in Rome • A woman’s place in the household depended on what kind of marriage she had. • Sometimes she would leave the family and join her husband’s family. Roles of Women in Rome • Some women shaped roles for themselves outside the family. (The higher the class, the more independence.) • Some women became doctors and worked in medicine, while others engaged in trade. • The women of the lower class were usually cooks, dressmakers, and hairdressers. Slavery in Rome • Slavery was common in Rome. • Even poor families might employ slaves. • Slaves had almost no rights, but a few rose to important positions in households of wealthy families. • Some slaves were able to save money and buy their freedom. Chapter 9, Section 2: Christianity and the Roman Empire • Bell Ringer – Why did the Roman government feed and entertain its people? The Rise of Christianity Christianity Spreads Rome Reacts Christianity and the Roman Empire • During the rule of Augustus, Rome increased its control over Judea, the region that once had been known as Canaan. Here we will be focusing on the rise of a new religion, called Christianity. • Christianity was just one of the religions in the Roman Empire. The Romans were tolerant of toward the people in these lands as long as they showed their loyalty to the Roman Emperor and their Unrest in Judaea • The Romans conquered the Jewish homeland of Judaea. • The Romans allowed the Jews to practice their faith, then as opposition grew to the Romans, the Romans struck back with harsh rules. Christianity and the Roman Empire • As a result of the Roman rule, many Jews became resentful and believed a messiah or savior would come to bring justice and freedom to the land. • In 37 B.C. the Roman senate appointed a new ruler of Judaea named Herod- it was during this time that Jesus was born in Bethlehem. Christian Beliefs What other religious leader taught the, “Golden Rule?” • Jesus was a Jewish teacher who taught that: – God was loving and forgiving – People should love their neighbor as they love themselves – Promised that people who followed his teachings would have everlasting life – Followers believed he was the messiah The Gospels • Years after the death of Jesus, the disciples or followers of Christ wrote stories about his teachings. • Four stories of Jesus’ life were written in the 4 Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Roman Fears • Some people complained to the Romans that Jesus taught that God was greater than the emperor. • The Romans feared a revolt and eventually decided to have Jesus put to death by being crucified. Roman Guards and an Emperor. (Rein actors) The Spread of Christianity • Many educated people of Jesus’ time spoke Greek. • The Greek word for messiah was Christos. • After Jesus’ death his followers began to call themselves Christians. • Who was Saul? (Paul) • Paul persuaded Jesus’ followers to teach the Greeks and Romans as well as the Jews • Epistles: letters written by disciples. Ways of Worship • Christians practiced the rites of: A.D. 64 • In A.D. 64 a fire started in Rome and burned the city for 9 days. Rumor had it the Christians started the fire… Why do you think Nero • Nero blamed blamed the Christians and Christians? persecuted them – this persecution lasted for 250 years. The Appeal of Christianity • Christianity continued to spread despite the persecution – Jesus was not a hero from a myth, he actually lived among people in the empire – Simple style of the Gospels made his teachings easy to understand – Martyrs (someone who dies for a cause) caused many Romans to admire Christians and accept the Christian faith Section 3 • Bell Ringer – Answer the, “Timeline Skills” questions on p.271 FROM GOOD RULE TO BAD THE EMPIRE CRUMBLES CONSTANTINE and CHRISTIANITY INVASIONS AND COLLAPSE From Good to Bad • After the death of Marcus Aurelius, his son Commodus became the next emperor. Was not a good leader. Did not work with the Senate- tried to mess it up. Commodus Bribed the army to support him. Was assassinated in 192 The Empire Crumbles • Historians do not agree on any ONE cause for the decline of Rome but SEVERAL PROBLEMS led to the downfall of Rome: – Weak, corrupt rulers – A mercenary army – Size of the Empire – Economic Problems Which one of these would be the most serious issue? Weak Corrupt Rulers • After Commodus, the emperors were corrupt. Many were successful generals and not politicians. • The generals would steal money for themselves and bribe their army to keep them in power. • Many assassinations occurred (29 emperors between A.D. 180 – A.D. 284) The Empire Crumbles • Rome was much too large to rule. • Enemies began to attack Rome. • The Romans called these people Barbarians. • Rome’s sources of wealth declined when the empire did not continue to grow. • Rome had to pay its army and had no money. • To raise money the government collected even more taxes. Woe is me… • Food was scarce so its prices went Less We just described inflation. Trying to stop the decline • Emperors tried to stop the decline of Rome, but were unsuccessful. • Enlarge the army, built new forts at the borders, improve the tax system and… Rome’s Decline A Divided Empire Rulers of the Roman Empire Now Rome no longer persecuted Christians. Christianity became the official religion of the empire. He continued to persecute Christians. He battled Constantine numerous times and lost control of the … “New Rome” • In 330 Constantine won control of the Eastern Roman Empire and moved the Capital to the city of Byzantium, in modern-day Turkey. • Constantine renamed the city to “Constantinople” which means the “city of Constantine”. Constantinople • Constantinople was firmly in place as the new capital of the Roman Empire. Byzantium aka Constantinople Rome Rome ends with… • The last emperor was named ROMULUS Augustus. • Germanic tribes continued to invade Rome. The Romans called these people Barbarians. • The Eastern Roman Empire lasted for 1000 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 A.D.