Download Chapter 7.2 Revision Questions

Chapter 7.2 Revision Questions
This question refers to the data below.
Percent increase from 1750 to 1992
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
(Source: IPCC. Summary for policymakers of the contribution of working group I to the IPCC second
assessment report, 1995. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In WWF Data Bulletin on Climate
Change.)
These gases cause the Greenhouse Effect because they are
A.
more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than other gases in the
atmosphere.
B.
more effective at absorbing short-wave radiation than other gases in the
atmosphere.
C.
produced by human activities.
D.
not broken down in the atmosphere.
(Total 1 mark)
Greenhouse gases not listed above are
I.
sulfur dioxide.
II.
CFCs.
III.
low level (tropospheric) ozone.
IV.
water vapour.
A.
II and III
B.
II, III and IV
C.
I, II and III
D.
I, II, III and IV
The major greenhouse gases are
A.
nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons.
B.
water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane.
C.
carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ozone.
D.
ozone, water vapour and chlorine.
(Total 1 mark)
The rise in the earth’s mean surface temperature between 1860 and the present is considered to
be caused by
I.
release of methane from wetlands.
II.
deforestation.
III.
burning of fossil fuels.
A.
I, II and III
B.
I and II only
C.
II and III only
D.
I and III only
(Total 1 mark)
The graph below shows changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Key
D = December
J = June
355
350
Carbon dioxide/ppm
345
D
D
D
340
335
J
J
J
330
325
320
315
310
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
The fluctuations in the graph are due to
A.
biomass variations in phytoplankton.
B.
increased use of fossil fuels in winter.
C.
daily changes in the amount of photosynthesis occurring.
D.
seasonal changes in the amount of photosynthesis occurring.
(Total 1 mark
If part of the cost to the environment of fossil fuel use were added to the price of the fuel, the
most likely effect would be that
A.
global warming would increase.
B.
use of renewable energy would decrease.
C.
more fossil fuels would be produced.
D.
consumption of fossil fuels would decrease.
(Total 1 mark)
Which of the following greenhouse gases are produced only by human activities?
A.
Methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
B.
Carbon dioxide and water vapour
C.
CFCs
D.
Methane and water vapour
(Total 1 mark)
Methane is produced by
I.
bacterial activity.
II.
decomposition in landfill sites.
III.
digestive systems of cattle.
A.
I and II only
B.
I and III only
C.
II and III only
D.
I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
Which are the three major greenhouse gases?
A.
water, carbon dioxide and methane
B.
ozone, water and carbon dioxide
C.
carbon dioxide, ozone and nitrogen
D.
water, methane and chlorine
(Total 1 mark)
The table below shows the global carbon transfers during one year.
Carbon inputs to atmosphere
/ 109 tonnes yr–1
Carbon removed from atmosphere
/ 109 tonnes yr–1
Burning fossil fuels
5.3
Increase in biomass of
existing plants
1.3
Deforestation
1.6
Absorption by oceans
2.0
Regrowth of forest after
deforestation
0.5
[E I Newman, Applied Ecology and Environmental Management, 2nd edition, (Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2000),
page 17. Reproduced by permission of Wiley-Blackwell]
(a)
Use the information in the table above to complete the flow diagram to show the
flows and storages of carbon in 109 tonnes yr–1.
5.3
FOSSIL FUELS
Burning
ATMOSPHERE
VEGETATION
(5)
(b)
Calculate the net increase in carbon levels in the atmosphere after one year.
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(1)
(c)
(i)
State the process by which carbon is transferred from the atmosphere and
assimilated by plants.
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(1)
(ii)
For the process named in (c) (i), label the arrows in the following diagram to
show the inputs and outputs of energy and matter for the plant
(3)
(d)
(i)
Explain why the rate of increase in the amount of carbon in the atmosphere
should be controlled.
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(2)
(ii)
Explain, using examples, how international cooperation can help to control
levels of atmospheric carbon.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)
(a)
Using the data in figure 1 below, calculate the percentage rise in global sea level by 2100
due to thermal expansion of the ocean surface.
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Figure 1. Sea level change prediction for 2100 based on present trends.
Contributing factor
Sea level change / cm
Antarctic ice sheet
1
Greenland ice sheet
6
Alpine glaciers
16
Thermal expansion
28
Total
49
[Source: P W French, Coastal and Estuarine Management (Routledge, 1997).
Reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis (part of Cengage Learning)]
(1)
(b)
Define what is meant by the term global warming.
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(1)
(c)
(i)
Outline the impact of global warming on society.
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(3)
(ii)
State two possible effects of sea level change on a coastline.
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(2)
(d)
List four methods of reducing global warming.
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Figure 2.
Long term climate change
4
3
IPCC prediction:
+2.7 °C with band
of unceratainty
Average temperature over past
10000 years = 15 °C
2
1
?
Agriculture
established
Temperature change / °C 0
1940 –
1970
“Little Ice Age”
in Europe
–1
–2
–3 End of
–4
last
Ice Age
–5
20000
10000
18000 years
2000
1000
1800 years
200
100
Now
+100
300 years
Number of years before present
[Source: Physicians for Social Responsibilities, PSR Monitor, 1998]
(2)
(e)
Using the data in figure 2, suggest why global warming may not be entirely caused
by human activity.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
The figure below shows a model of the climatic system.
Radiation outputs from
Earth-atmosphere
Atmosphere
Solar inputs to
Earth-atmosphere
Ocean
Oceanic
circulation
Atmospheric
circulation and
composition
Ice
CLIMATE
Land and
terrestrial
features
Human
activity
Earth-atmosphere system
External inputs and outputs of the climatic system
Internal interactions of the climatic system
[Source: O’Hare and Sweeney, The Atmospheric System, (1986), Oliver and Boyd, page 189]
(a)
Define the term model.
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(2)
(b)
Identify two internal interactions in the figure above which affect the climate.
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(1)
(c)
List four gases which are part of the atmosphere.
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(2)
(d)
State how solar inputs and Earth outputs differ in their radiation wavelengths.
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(1)
(e)
Outline the ways in which human activity can have an impact on climate.
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(3)
(f)
Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the model in the figure above for
describing the atmospheric system.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Figure 1 below shows mean global climate change from 1850 to 1990.
0.4
Mean global
temperature
change
1850 to 1990
relative to the
average for
1951 to 1980
°C
0.2
0
– 0.2
– 0.4
– 0.6
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
Year
[Source adapted from: UNEP, National Statistics, 2003]
(a)
With reference to Figure 1, describe the trend in mean global temperature between
1870 and 1990.
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1990
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(2)
(b)
Suggest two explanations for this trend.
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(2)
(c)
Suggest one method of preventing further increases in mean global temperature.
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(1)
Figure 2 below is a table showing different aspects of the environment and society
which might be affected by climate change.
Figure 2
Impact on the Environment
Impact on Society
Impact
Impact
Ice and snow
Water resources
Ocean and coast
Food and agriculture
Hydrology
increased flooding
Coastal living
Ecosystems
(d)
Human health
Complete Figure 2 to state likely impacts of global warming on the environment
and society.
(4)
(e)
Predict, giving reasons, whether the impacts outlined in part (d) are likely to have
a greater effect on less economically developed countries (LEDCs) or more
economically developed countries (MEDCs).
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
ESSAY
(a)
As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are
widespread.
Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment.
(8)
(b)
What steps could be taken to reduce these effects?
(5)
(c)
The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in
Europe than in the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this difference.
(4)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)