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Behaviorist
Learning Theory Presentation
Julie Finlay
Leann Kidd
Christopher Beckwith
Joel Hernandez
What is Behaviorism?
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Behaviorists believe that learning takes
place as the result of a response that
follows on a specific stimulus.
By repeating the S-R cycle the organism
(may it be an animal or human) is
conditioned into repeating the response
whenever the same stimulus is present.
Behavior can be modified and learning is
measured by observable change in
behavior.
http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/2000/scheepers_md/projects/loo/theory/behavior.html#Positive%20Aspects%20of
Behaviorist’s Views
The mind is seen as a processor of
symbols that mirror the world's structure
and a reservoir of information.
 Knowledge is an external reality mapped
onto learners, independent of
instruction.
 Thought is governed by external reality.
The structure of the real world is
independent of understanding.
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http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/2000/scheepers_md/projects/loo/theory/behavior.html#Positive%20Aspects%20of
Behaviorist Learning Event
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Knowledge is given to the learners by the educator’s
preplanned program
Specific activities are experienced to achieve the
objective
Learning is shaped by repetition and reinforcement
as the learner responds to specific stimuli.
The learner has no control of the events or time span
where learning is occurring
The educator is the center of the event and ideas.
Evaluation occurs at the end of the event to
determine whether the objectives were met.
http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/2000/scheepers_md/projects/loo/theory/behavior.html#Positive%20Aspects%20of
Types of conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
 builds on reflexes
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html
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Operant Conditioning
 method of learning that occurs through
rewards and punishments for behavior
 an association is made between a behavior
and a consequence for that behavior
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm
Aristotle & John Locke
Aristotle believed the external world
is the source of knowledge
 Locke believed that all knowledge
comes from senses
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 "Good and evil, reward and
punishment, are the only motives to
a rational creature: these are the
spur and reins whereby all mankind
are set on work, and guided."
(Locke.)
Ivan Pavlov
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Studied reflexes and automatic
behavior caused by environmental
stimulus.
Father of Classical Conditioning, the
process of reflex learning
an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food)
which produces an unconditioned
response (salivation) is presented
together with a conditioned stimulus (a
bell), such that the salivation is
eventually produced on the
presentation of the conditioned
stimulus alone, thus becoming a
conditioned response.
John Dewey
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Dewey is a reconstructivist
philosopher
Individuals build from interaction
with different social connections
through a variety of his or her
social groups
Learn habits from group- habits are
social and shared (Like walking
and the skills involved in gathering
food and shelter, conducting war,
and other social and cultural
events
http://filebox.vt.edu/users/spenney/behaviorism/dewey.htm
Edward Thorndike
Observing the behavior of cats
attempting to escape from enclosed
"puzzle boxes," Thorndike noted that
responses that produced satisfaction—
escape from the box and subsequent
feeding—were "stamped in" and more
likely to be repeated in the future, while
responses that led to failure, and thus
dissatisfaction, tended to be "stamped
out."
 People learn through trial and error,
when something works they will
continue to do it. If it doesn’t work they
won’t try it more than once.
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http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/632/Edward-Thorndike.html
John Broadus Watson
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Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed,
and my own specified world to bring them up in
and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and
train him to become any type of specialist I might
select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief
and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless
of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors.
--John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930
B.F. Skinner
Skinner is a radical behaviorist; "does not
deny the possibility of self-observation or
self-knowledge or its possible usefulness,
but it questions the nature of what is felt or
observed and hence known.“
 Skinner thought there should be a focus on
self observation and self knowledge
 Self Awareness: A person who has been
'made aware of himself' by the questions
he has been asked is in a better position to
predict and control his behavior.“
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http://filebox.vt.edu/users/spenney/behaviorism/skinner.htmv
Robert M. Gagne´
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Robert Gagne is considered to be
the foremost researcher and
contributor to the systematic
approach to instructional design
and training.
Gagne's book, The Conditions of
Learning, first published in 1965,
identified the mental conditions
for learning.
Gagne created a nine-step
process called the events of
instruction, which correlate to and
address the conditions of
learning.
http://www.e-learningguru.com/articles/art3_3.htm
Gagne’s 9 Events of
Instruction
1 Gain attention
2 Inform learners of
objectives
3 Stimulate recall of
prior learning
4 Present the content
5 Provide "learning
guidance"
6 Elicit performance
(practice).
7 Provide feedback
8 Assess performance
9 Enhance retention
and transfer to the job
Relation to Technology
Classical conditioning
 Video games- rewards and
punishments
 Traditional reinforces in video
games include the following.
 Clearing a level and advancing
to the next
 Solving puzzles
 Achieving goals
 Winning
 Losing
 Gaining points
 Gaining powerups
 Acquisition of items
 Acquisition of skills, improving
skills or stats
 Exploration
 Achieving a top score
Operational conditioning
•Conditioning students from
early age to use software to
improve learning and
overall implementation
•Drill and practice- stimulus
and instant feedback
•Tutorials especially good
with quizzes at the end
(http://www.betabunny.com/behaviorism/Conditioning.htm)
Behaviorism's use in
Instructional Game Design
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Many developers use reinforcement schedules
as a base of their game design. There are three
types of schedules for reinforcers:
 Continuous: the behavior is reinforced each
time it is performed
 Extinction: no instance of the given behavior
is reinforced
 Intermittent: some of the instances of a
behavior are reinforced