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Motivation What is motivation? Why motivation? Importance of motivation Better motivation How to be motivated? Motivation contd…. Motivation is defined as the desire and action towards goal-directed behavior. A process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. Motivational cycle Need, Drive Goal Types of motivation Intrinsic Motivation: A person is intrinsically motivated if the desire for change comes from within the individual. The person may want to learn something because he or she is interested. Another person may want to accomplish a goal or task because it is something he or she feels competent at and enjoys doing. Extrinsic Motivation: On the other hand, extrinsic motivation comes from outside the person. They are bribed to do something or they earn a prize or reward. Paychecks are extrinsic motivators. Fear of punishment and coercion are also extrinsic motivators. Theories of Motivation Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Self -Actualization Esteem needs Belongingness & love needs Safety needs Physiological needs: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological needs Hunger, thirst etc., Safety needs To feel secure & safe, out of danger Belongingness & love needs Affiliate with others, be accepted & belong Esteem needs To achieve, be component, gain approval and belong Self-actualization needs Self fulfillment & realize one’s potential If we fulfill our needs at one level, then we can focus on satisfying the need on the next higher level B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning Skinner believed that people are motivated by rewards. Skinner's theory, operant conditioning, concerns reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is a stimulus that is given immediately after a behavior that will increase the likelihood that the target behavior will be repeated. Punishment is a stimulus that is given immediately after a behavior that will decrease the likelihood that the target behavior will be repeated. Reinforcement and Punishment are also further divided into 2 types, positive and negative. Positive is something that is added while negative means something has been taken away. Types are outlined in the following table: Reinforcement Punishment Positive Something is added to increase the likelihood a behavior will occur Something is added to decrease the likelihood a behavior will occur Negative Something (usually unpleasant) is taken away to increase the likelihood a behavior will occur Something (usually pleasant) us taken away to decrease the likelihood a behavior will occur Reversal theory of motivation Michael Apter developed the reversal theory of motivation. The reversal theory is separated into 4 domains: • Means/Ends: a person may be either motivated because he or she wants to achieve a goal or because he or she enjoys doing the activity. • Conforming/Rebellious: this domain concerns rules. Either a person is motivated to follow the rules, or he or she wants to be free of any restrictions. • Mastery/Sympathy: In this domain, the person is motivated by power and control or through compassion. • Autic/Alloic (Self/Other): This means a person is motivated in self-interests or by the interest of others. Albert Bandura: Self Efficacy • Albert Bandura coined the term "self-efficacy" to describe motivation. Self-efficacy is a person's belief in his or her ability and capability to solve a problem in any future situation. For example, if a person believes he is a brilliant scientist and can complete any scientific experiment, he has a high self-efficacy in science because he believes in his competency to perform a future experiment. Whether it is true that he is brilliant in science or not doesn't really matter, it only matters what he believes. • Bandura stated that self-efficacy influenced motivation of a person's goals, actions, and successes (or failures) in life. For example, if your self-efficacy in an area is much lower than your ability, you will not be motivated to challenge yourself or improve. If your self-efficacy in an area is much higher than your ability, you may be motivated at first but then will set goals that are too high and fail which also leads to a decrease in motivation. The ideal self-efficacy is slightly above a person's ability: high enough to be challenging while still being realistic. • Another important contribution from Bandura is his theory of social learning. He stated that people will repeat behaviors that they see others do if they also see a reward given. Thus, people are motivated to copy others actions because they believe they will be rewarded also. Motivational-Interviewing Motivational-Interviewing is a therapeutic technique developed by William Miller and Steven Rollnick. Their theory of motivation is that people are motivated to change when there is a discrepancy from where they are at the present moment to where they want to be. Part of motivational-interviewing is to emphasize this discrepancy without confrontation. In motivational-interviewing, confrontation is viewed as counterproductive because it elicits defensiveness or resistance to change. The idea is to get the person to identify their own discrepancy and desire to change rather than the therapist telling them what to do. Steven Reiss: • Steven Reiss believed that motivation was dependant on an individual's desires. Reiss identified 16 desires that he believed affected behavior, power, independence, curiosity, acceptance, order, saving, honor, idealism, social contact, family, status, vengeance, romance, eating, physical exercise, and tranquility/ calm. • Like Clayton Alderfer, Reiss stated these desires are very individualized. People have these desires in different combinations and in different amounts, i.e. people place a higher priority on some desires versus other desires. Reiss believed that motivation problems resulted from not taking these individualized desires into account. Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation Needs (such as hunger) motivation the organism to act, fulfilling the need and reducing psychological tension. Homeostasis Tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Primary drives Involve survival needs of the body. Secondary drives Those learned through experience. Contrary to what the Drive Theory suggests, Human being often engage in actions that increase rather than reduce various drives. Three Types of Needs • Need for achievement: desire to succeed in getting to one’s goals, both realistic and challenging. • Need for affiliation: desire to have friendly social interactions and be held in high regard by others. • Need for power: desire to have control over others, influence them, and have an impact on others. Arousal approaches to motivation People have an optimal level of arousal to maintain. Sensation seekers: need more arousal than others. Stimulus motive : a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. Arousal theory: theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal best or ideal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation. Arousal Approach continue.. A theory of motivation suggesting that human beings seek an optimal level of arousal, not minimum level of arousal. Arousal will depend on: 1. Task difficulty 2. Personal preferences Drawback: We really can’t predict what will constitute an optimal level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law Law stating performance is related to arousal, moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high moderate level while more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level. Expectancy-value theories According to expectancy-value theory, behavior is a function of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal toward which one is working. Such an approach predicts that, when more than one behavior is possible, the behavior chosen will be the one with the largest combination of expected success and value. Expectancy Theory A theory of motivation suggesting that behavior is “pulled” by expectations of desirable outcomes. Why do people engage in complex, effortful, or even painful behaviors? Because they believe that doing so will give the outcomes they wish to attain. Goal-Setting Theory What are chances that you will accomplish more when you have a concrete goal than when you do not? The Goal-setting theory suggest that motivation can be strongly influenced by goals. Goal-Setting Theory Goal-setting works when: 1. The goals set are highly specific 2. The goals are challenging 3. The goals are perceived attainable/ achievable 4. Receive feedback on progress 5. You are truly and deeply committed to reach your goals Motivational strategies Find new skills Develop & train them Get feedback on their performance Expand their ability to work Rotate their work Motivational techniques Leads them Real examples are quicker than advice Way to influencing people Appeal to benefits Can motivate Mutual benefits to both of you Appeal to emotions People act quickly to emotions Positive manner Sustained by repeated inputs Appeal to needs & wants basic needs satisfaction Creative expression, recognition & challenges & love Appeal to expertise Abilities enhance his self-worth Put best effort to seek approval How to achieve success Responsibility –not blaming anything Hard work – ready to work in any time Character – values, beliefs & personality of you Right time- ready to do at right time Persistence- failing also a step to success Creativity – excellence of his effort Commitment – winning edge Learning - life long process Planning - exact