Download Topic6-MOTIVATION

Motivation
What is motivation?
Why motivation?
Importance of motivation
Better motivation
How to be motivated?
Motivation contd….
Motivation is defined as the desire and action towards
goal-directed behavior.
A process by which activities are started, directed, and
continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants
are met.
Motivational cycle
Need, Drive
Goal
Types of motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: A person is intrinsically motivated if the desire for change
comes from within the individual. The person may want to learn something
because he or she is interested. Another person may want to accomplish a goal or
task because it is something he or she feels competent at and enjoys doing.
Extrinsic Motivation: On the other hand, extrinsic motivation comes from outside
the person. They are bribed to do something or they earn a prize or reward.
Paychecks are extrinsic motivators. Fear of punishment and coercion are also
extrinsic motivators.
Theories of Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Self -Actualization
Esteem needs
Belongingness & love needs
Safety needs
Physiological needs:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs
Hunger, thirst etc.,
Safety needs
To feel secure & safe, out of danger
Belongingness & love needs
Affiliate with others, be accepted & belong
Esteem needs
To achieve, be component, gain approval and
belong
Self-actualization needs
Self fulfillment & realize one’s potential
If we fulfill our needs at one level, then we
can focus on satisfying the need on the next
higher level
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Skinner believed that people are motivated by rewards. Skinner's theory, operant
conditioning, concerns reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is a stimulus
that is given immediately after a behavior that will increase the likelihood that the
target behavior will be repeated. Punishment is a stimulus that is given immediately
after a behavior that will decrease the likelihood that the target behavior will be
repeated. Reinforcement and Punishment are also further divided into 2 types,
positive and negative. Positive is something that is added while negative means
something has been taken away.
Types are outlined in the following table:
Reinforcement
Punishment
Positive
Something is added to
increase the likelihood a
behavior will occur
Something is added to
decrease the likelihood a
behavior will occur
Negative
Something (usually
unpleasant) is taken away
to increase the likelihood a
behavior will occur
Something (usually
pleasant) us taken away to
decrease the likelihood a
behavior will occur
Reversal theory of motivation
Michael Apter developed the reversal theory of motivation. The reversal theory is
separated into 4 domains:
• Means/Ends: a person may be either motivated because he or she wants to achieve a
goal or because he or she enjoys doing the activity.
• Conforming/Rebellious: this domain concerns rules. Either a person is motivated to
follow the rules, or he or she wants to be free of any restrictions.
• Mastery/Sympathy: In this domain, the person is motivated by power and control or
through compassion.
• Autic/Alloic (Self/Other): This means a person is motivated in self-interests or by the
interest of others.
Albert Bandura: Self Efficacy
•
Albert Bandura coined the term "self-efficacy" to describe motivation. Self-efficacy is a person's belief in his or
her ability and capability to solve a problem in any future situation. For example, if a person believes he is a
brilliant scientist and can complete any scientific experiment, he has a high self-efficacy in science because he
believes in his competency to perform a future experiment. Whether it is true that he is brilliant in science or
not doesn't really matter, it only matters what he believes.
•
Bandura stated that self-efficacy influenced motivation of a person's goals, actions, and successes (or failures)
in life. For example, if your self-efficacy in an area is much lower than your ability, you will not be motivated to
challenge yourself or improve. If your self-efficacy in an area is much higher than your ability, you may be
motivated at first but then will set goals that are too high and fail which also leads to a decrease in motivation.
The ideal self-efficacy is slightly above a person's ability: high enough to be challenging while still being realistic.
•
Another important contribution from Bandura is his theory of social learning. He stated that people will repeat
behaviors that they see others do if they also see a reward given. Thus, people are motivated to copy others
actions because they believe they will be rewarded also.
Motivational-Interviewing
Motivational-Interviewing is a therapeutic technique developed by
William Miller and Steven Rollnick. Their theory of motivation is
that people are motivated to change when there is a discrepancy
from where they are at the present moment to where they want to
be. Part of motivational-interviewing is to emphasize this
discrepancy without confrontation.
In motivational-interviewing, confrontation is viewed as counterproductive because it elicits defensiveness or resistance to change.
The idea is to get the person to identify their own discrepancy and
desire to change rather than the therapist telling them what to do.
Steven Reiss:
•
Steven Reiss believed that motivation was dependant on an individual's desires.
Reiss identified 16 desires that he believed affected behavior, power,
independence, curiosity, acceptance, order, saving, honor, idealism, social
contact, family, status, vengeance, romance, eating, physical exercise, and
tranquility/ calm.
• Like Clayton Alderfer, Reiss stated these desires are very individualized. People
have these desires in different combinations and in different amounts, i.e.
people place a higher priority on some desires versus other desires. Reiss
believed that motivation problems resulted from not taking these individualized
desires into account.
Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation
Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation
Needs (such as hunger) motivation the organism to act, fulfilling the
need and reducing psychological tension.
Homeostasis
Tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.
Primary drives
Involve survival needs of the body.
Secondary drives
Those learned through experience.
Contrary to what the Drive Theory suggests,
Human being often engage in actions that increase rather than reduce various drives.
Three Types of Needs
• Need for achievement: desire to succeed in getting to one’s
goals, both realistic and challenging.
• Need for affiliation: desire to have friendly social interactions
and be held in high regard by others.
• Need for power: desire to have control over others, influence
them, and have an impact on others.
Arousal approaches to motivation
People have an optimal level of arousal to maintain.
Sensation seekers: need more arousal than others.
Stimulus motive : a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes
an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
Arousal theory: theory of motivation in which people are said to
have an optimal best or ideal level of tension that they seek to
maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.
Arousal Approach continue..
A theory of motivation suggesting that human beings seek an optimal
level of arousal, not minimum level of arousal.
Arousal will depend on:
1. Task difficulty
2. Personal preferences
Drawback: We really can’t predict what will constitute an optimal level
of arousal.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Law stating performance is related to arousal, moderate levels of
arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that
are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of
the task: easy tasks require a high moderate level while more
difficult tasks require a low-moderate level.
Expectancy-value theories
According to expectancy-value theory, behavior is a function
of the expectancies one has and the value of the goal toward
which one is working. Such an approach predicts that, when
more than one behavior is possible, the behavior chosen will
be the one with the largest combination of expected success
and value.
Expectancy Theory
A theory of motivation suggesting that behavior is “pulled” by
expectations of desirable outcomes.
Why do people engage in complex, effortful, or even painful behaviors?
Because they believe that doing so will give the
outcomes they wish to attain.
Goal-Setting Theory
What are chances that you will accomplish more when you have a
concrete goal than when you do not?
The Goal-setting theory suggest that motivation can be strongly
influenced by goals.
Goal-Setting Theory
Goal-setting works when:
1. The goals set are highly specific
2. The goals are challenging
3. The goals are perceived attainable/ achievable
4. Receive feedback on progress
5. You are truly and deeply committed to reach your goals
Motivational strategies
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Find new skills
Develop & train them
Get feedback on their performance
Expand their ability to work
Rotate their work
Motivational techniques
Leads them
Real examples are quicker than advice
Way to influencing people
Appeal to benefits
Can motivate
Mutual benefits to both of you
Appeal to emotions
People act quickly to emotions
Positive manner
Sustained by repeated inputs
Appeal to needs & wants
basic needs satisfaction
Creative expression, recognition & challenges & love
Appeal to expertise
Abilities enhance his self-worth
Put best effort to seek approval
How to achieve success
Responsibility –not blaming anything
Hard work – ready to work in any time
Character – values, beliefs & personality of you
Right time- ready to do at right time
Persistence- failing also a step to success
Creativity – excellence of his effort
Commitment – winning edge
Learning - life long process
Planning - exact