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TA 7984-NEP: MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE
RISK MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT
1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)
Department of Hydrology
Meteorology (DHM)
&
Institutional Analysis
Citation:
MoSTE. 2014. Institutional Analysis: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
Prepared by the International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) for the
Nepal Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) and the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), as part of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience - PPCR3,
Mainstreaming Climate Change in Development. Kathmandu, Nepal.
MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
BACKG ROUN D
This report was developed as part of the TA – 7984 NEP: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk
Management in Development Project supported by ADB with funding from the Climate Investment
Fund (CIF), and implemented by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) in
partnership with ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management.
The project involves line departments working together with MOSTE in eight districts to develop and
test a vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning approach tailored for their needs. The aim
is to distil the lessons of the district experience into reforms at national level for planning and
managing more resilient infrastructure. The national agencies are those concerned with
infrastructure development throughout Nepal such as irrigation, roads and bridges, water induced
disasters, urban planning and water supply and sanitation systems (Figure 1).
Figure 1: TA – 7984 NEP infrastructure sector department partners
A core group of technical staff from each of the departments participated in working sessions and
missions to the eight districts of Kathmandu, Dolakha, Achham, Banke, Myagdi, Chitwan, Panchthar
and Mustang (Figure 2) where vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning exercises were
conducted for existing strategic infrastructure assets. The target districts were identified by core
group members to reflect the diverse ecological zones of the country and varying environmental and
social conditions in which infrastructure is built. The district experience and sector analysis is
documented in district reports, sector synthesis reports and linked guides for use on a systematic
basis in each department.
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
The core group comprised of some 30 members from 9 government agencies with each agency
having a wider range of staff involved in the process of setting and implementing reform priorities
with support from the project team (Figure 3).
Figure 2: Target districts for developing an approach to infrastructure vulnerability assessment and
adaptation planning
Sector focal points on the core group have a key role in promoting the climate change
mainstreaming in their departments so that the design and management of existing and planned
infrastructure progressively adjusts to become more resilient to the most significant projected
changes and their associated potential impacts.
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
Figure 3: Infrastructure sector department climate change core group
MoSTE
NPD &
NPMs
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DWIDP
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DUDBC
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DOLIDAR
Core
Group
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DOR
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DWSS
Counterpart
and focal
point of DOI
Counterpart
and focal
point of
MoFALD
Counterpart
and focal
point of
DHM
INTRODUCTION TO THIS REPORT
At an early stage in the project an institutional analyses was conducted for each of the partner
agencies. Those analyses were part of the baseline assessment in understanding the vulnerabilities
of the infrastructure agencies. They were intended to answer the following questions for each
sector:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
What is the organizations mandate and functions
What are the main gaps and challenges facing the sector in addressing climate change?
To what extent has climate change already been mainstreamed?
Does the sector have the data and tools to mainstream climate change
How can climate change mainstreaming be improved?
Each analysis involved documenting the legislation and policies, and strategies and plans governing
the agency. The organizational structure and staffing were reviewed for gaps and opportunities in
the capacities for addressing climate change. The operational tools and procedures, such as EIA and
spatial planning, were also assessed for their potential to facilitate adaptation in the sector. More
detailed review of the sectors infrastructure covered the main categories and priorities, overall
inventory, design standards and guidelines and geographic spread. An important focus of the
institutional analyses was the agency’s experience with past extreme climatic conditions and events
such as floods and landslides – with the aim of gathering information on infrastructure categories
that have been most affected and on the hot spot localities. Finally, how has the sector responded
to those extremes? Documenting past adaptation provides a foundation for future action building
on the best practices and arrangements already in place.
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MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
This Institutional Analysis Report on Department of Hydrology and Meteorology(DHM) provides a
profile of the department, its strengths and weaknesses in responding to its mandates and carrying
out its duties. This Report was prepared on the basis of information collected by the TA team
through a series of interviews and consultations with the relevant officials of the department and
through relevant documents received during that period. This report is in its present shape after
going through several reviews and adjustments by concerned DHM officials.
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MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
RELATED TECHNICAL REPORTS IN THE SERIES: HYDROLOGY AND METEOROLOGY SECTOR
Sector Reports
Report Name
Institutional Analysis
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM)
Climate Change Threats
Modelling results for the Infrastructure Sectors in
Nepal
District Reports
Report Name
District Climate Change Profiles

Kathmandu

Dolakha

Panchthar

Chitwan

Myagdi

Banke

Achham

Mustang
Guidance Reports
Report Name
MoSTE Guide
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and
Adaptation Planning Methodology for
Infrastructure Development in Nepal
Climate Change Risk Management
Framework for Infrastructure Sectors in
Nepal
A Guide for developing and implementing Sector
Adaptation Plans for Action - SAPAs
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MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
A BBREV IA TIO N S
ADB
Asian Development Bank
ADPC
Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre
CBFF
Community based Flood Forecasting
DHM
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
GoN
Government of Nepal
GLOF
Glacier Lake Outburst Flood
ICAO
The International Civil Aviation Organization
ICIMOD
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MoEST
Ministry of Environment Science and Technology
OHP
Operational Hydrology Program
SAARC
South Asia Association and Regional Cooperation
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 8
1
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 10
2
Strategies and Plan ............................................................................................................................... 10
3
Design Standard and Guidelines ............................................................................................................ 11
4
Organizational Setup ............................................................................................................................. 11
a.
Hydrology Division ................................................................................................................................... 12
b.
Meteorology division .............................................................................................................................. 13
5
Tools and Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 13
6
Staffing.................................................................................................................................................. 16
7
SWOT Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 16
8
Mainstreaming Climate Change ............................................................................................................ 18
9
Main Categories of Infrastructures and Geographical Spread ............................................................... 19
10 Past experience with Hazards ............................................................................................................... 19
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 21
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
1
INTRODUCTION
The meteorological and hydrological services underwent several breaks and functioned under different
government offices including Department of Electricity, Department of Irrigation and finally fully
established agency as Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). At the beginning,
Government started the hydrological and meteorological activities and services under the section of
Department of Electricity. The section was later shifted to the Department of Irrigation and was
ultimately upgraded to Department status in 1988. In present time, the Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology (DHM) is under the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology.
DHM is working as Nepal`s National water, snow, weather and climate agency. Its expertise and services
assist Nepalese in dealing with the harsh realities of their natural environment, including drought,
floods, storms, snow falls and extreme rainfall. The DHM contributes to national social, economic,
cultural and environmental goals by providing observational and meteorological, hydrological services
and by undertaking research into climate and water science and environment related issues in support
of its operations and services.
The head office of DHM is an old building with limited space, situated at Babar Mahal, Kathmandu and
regional offices in different regions of Nepal. The regional offices collect data from the stations and head
office checks the reliability of data and published in the form of climatological and hydrological records
book. The data are also available in the electronic version. The aim of the DHM is not to provide data
only, it also conduct research activities. The main works of DHM are:




To take meteorological and hydrological observations and to provide current and forecast
meteorological information for optimum operation of weather-sensitive activities.
To warn against severe weather phenomena like heavy rains which cause destruction of life and
property.
To provide meteorological statistics required for agriculture, water resource management and
other nation-building activities.
To conduct and promote research in meteorology and hydrology and allied disciplines.
2 STRATEGIES AND PLAN
DHM has a mandate from Government of Nepal to monitor all the hydrological and meteorological
activities in Nepal. No agency is entitled to carry out such activities without a proper liaison with DHM.
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The scope of work includes the monitoring of river hydrology, climate, agro-meteorology, sediment, air
quality, water quality, limnology, snow hydrology, glaciology, wind and solar energy. DHM provides
general and aviation weather forecasts, forecasting and early warning of hydro-meteorological hazards;
and contributes to the global exchange of meteorological data on a regular basis as a member of the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO). DHM centralized the data system for quality control.
As risk reduction strategy, the department successfully completed TsoRolpa GLOF mitigation project in
the past. It is one of the world`s best example of climate change mitigation in high lands.
DHM stands as an International class National Hydrological and meteorological agency. In this
connection, DHM actively advancing steps towards relationship with national and international
organizations in the field of hydrology and meteorology. DHM participates actively in the
programs of relevant international organizations, such as, the UNESCO's International
Hydrological Program (IHP) and WMO's Operational Hydrology Program (OHP). DHM has hosted
several regional and international workshops, symposia, seminars and meetings on different
aspects of meteorology, hydrology, sediment, and snow hydrology. The department is also
working as a focal point for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and for the
meteorological activities of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC). The
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has recognized DHM as an authority to provide
meteorological services for international flights.
DHM is making various plans for institutional development. DHM has been modernizing its
hydrological and meteorological stations with the installation of telemetric system. In past the
years DHM has installed telemetric stations for real time data. DHM aims to install more
telemetric stations. DHM is restructuring its organization under PPCR Component 2 which will
be funded the World Bank. DHM is also planning to conduct special studies required for the
policy makers and for the development of hydrological and meteorological sciences in the
region. For example, DHM has initiated climate change research.
DHM is also working together with international Non-Government Organization such practical
Action (CBFF), ICIMOD (HYCOS project) etc.
3 DESIGN STANDARD AND GUIDELINES
DHM is permanent representative of World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). DHM adopt the design
standards and guidelines provided by WMO for various meteorological and hydrological operations.
Some of the key documents produced by WMO are; WMO- No 258 - Education and training of personnel
in meteorology and operational hydrology. WMO-No. 49, WMO Technical Regulations; Basic Documents
No. 2, Volume I - General meteorological standards and recommended practices, 1988; Volume II Meteorological service for international air navigation, 2001; Volume III - Hydrology,1988.WMO-TD No.
1376-Guidelines and Climate Data Management.
Each division of DHM has their own guidelines for operation but not available in published document.
4 ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
Director General heads DHM. The present Organizational Chart has four divisions headed by Deputy
Director Generals: Hydrology Division, Climatology Division, Meteorological Forecasting Division and Coordination Division. Hydrology Division has four major sections: River Hydrology Section, Flood
Forecasting Section, Snow and Glacier Hydrology Section and Sediment and Water Quality Section.
Similarly, the sections under the Climatology Division include: Climatology Section, Agrometeorology
Section, and Wind and Solar Energy Section & Data Section. The Meteorological Forecasting Division has
three main units: the Communication Unit, Aviation Unit, and General Weather Forecast Unit. Coordination Division is primarily responsible for developing policies and co-coordinating all the
departmental activities including financial and administrative matters. Along with the three basin
offices, the Co-ordination Division provides support to the following sections: Data Management
Section, Planning Section, Instrument Section, and Training Section. The Organisation Chart of DHM is
presented in Figure 1.1. The activities of each division are briefly described below:
A.
HYDROLOGY DIVISION
Hydrology division is responsible for collecting hydrological (river, lake, flood, snow and glacier)
data, and analyzing, publishing and reporting them. It also operates and manages hydrological
project across the country. There are different sections under Hydrology division. They are:
River Hydrology Section





Nationwide study and analyze water level and discharge of different rivers and lakes.
Hydrological data collected from the basin offices is processed, corrected and validated.
Management and supervision of current meter calibration.
Publication of hydrological data.
Providing guidelines for above mentioned jobs.
Snow and Glacier Hydrology Section




Responsible for monitoring snow and Glacier Lake, river etc. of high- mountain by
establishing monitoring stations.
Publication of collected and analyzed snow and snow hydrology related data.
Estimation of snowmelt from high mountain region.
Providing guidelines for abovementioned jobs.
Sediment and Water Quality Section




Responsible for monitoring sediment in different rivers.
Regular monitoring of existing sediment stations and analyzes the data collected from
them.
Publication of collected and analyzed sediment data.
Providing guidelines for abovementioned jobs.
Flood Forecasting Section
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis





B.
Collection and processing of rainfall, water level and discharge data from different flood
station during flood season from radio set.
Preparation of forecasting models from analyzing the abovementioned data.
River water level will be forecasted according to these models.
Establish different flood stations and manage them.
Preparing guidelines for flood forecasting and running models.
METEOROLOGY DIVISION
The division is responsible for collecting meteorological (rainfall, lake, flood, snow and glacier) data,
studying and analyzing them, publishing analyzed data and report, and run and manage hydrological
project across the country.
Climatology Section



Study different aspects of agriculture, water resource, environment change according to
climate in different geography;
Study and investigation about climate change.
Preparation of climatic atlas of Nepal.
Weather Forecasting Section



Satellite picture analysis
Weather analysis
Weather forecasting
5 TOOLS AND PROCEDURE
Human resource development has always been one of the prime thrust areas of the DHM for capacity
building and to keep pace with latest trends in various activities of the Department. As a tools and
procedure, DHM developed various training manual such as training manual for gauge reader and
observer manual, refresher training for Hydrological Technicians etc. The DHM conduct periodic training
to maintain and enhance job competency of observers and gauge readers.
DHM maintains nation-wide networks of 337 precipitation stations, 154 hydrometric stations, 20
sediment stations, 68 climatic stations, 22 agro-meteorological stations, 9 synoptic stations and 6 Aerosynoptic stations. Data are made available to users through published reports, bulletins, and computer
media outputs such as hard copies or diskettes. DHM publishes data on an annual basis. The published
data available in printed format are;


Climatological Records of Nepal (1999-2000)
Daily Precipitation Records of Nepal (1997-1998)
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis









Climatological Records of Nepal (1997-1998)
Daily Precipitation Records of Nepal (1997-1998)
Daily Precipitation Records of Mahakali, Seti&Karnali Zone Through 1996
May2000
Daily Precipitation Records of Bheri, Rapti& Dhaulagiri Zone Through 1996
May 2000
Daily Precipitation Records of Janakpur&Sagarmatha Zone Through 1996
May 2000
Daily Precipitation Records of Koshi&Mechi Zone Through 1996
May 2000
Daily Precipitation Records of Lumbini Zone Through 1996
June 1999
Daily Precipitation Records of Gandaki&Narayani Zone Through 1996
June 1999
Beside these, some data books on hydrological and meteorological prior to 1996 are
available.
None of the data are freely available except some weekly bulletin, weekly, monthly, and quarterly
weather report, 24 hours weather forecasting for general public, weather information for civil aviation.
The outline is presented in Table 1.1
Table 1.1: Data procurement
S.N.
Services
Contact Section/Person
Charge
Duration
1
Published Data
Store Section
Yes
Once
2
Hydrological and Meteorological
Central Data and Computer
Yes
(1-7 days)
Data, Water Quality and Air
Section, Mr. Sarju K. Baidya
According to the
Pollution data
3
4
amount of data
Weekly, Monthly, and Quarterly
Climate Section, Mr. Saraju
Weather Report
Kumar Baidhya
24 hours Weather Forecasting
Meteorological Forecasting
for General Public
Division, Airport Mani
Free
At once after
publish
Free
At once
Free
At once
RatnaShakya
5
Weather Information for Civil
Meteorological Forecasting
Aviation
Division, Airport, Mani
RatnaShakya
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MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
Figure 1.1: Organisational Structure of DHM (source-DHM)
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
6 STAFFING
The DHM has two branches namely Hydrological and Meteorological Division. Presently, the
Department has three basin offices of Hydrological Division namely; Karnali Basin Office in Nepalgunj,
Narayani Basin Office in Narayanghat and Kosi Basin Office in Biratnagar. In Meteorology, activities in
the Far-Western and Mid-Western region are managed by a regional office in Surkhet, whereas such
activities in the Western Development Region and the Eastern Development Region are managed by
meteorological regional offices located in Pokhara and Dharan respectively. Central is managed directly
by head office in Kathmandu.
Both units have their own subunits for operations and data management. Subunit such as snow &
glacier and flood forecasting is under Hydrology Unit and weather forecasting and climate sub unit are
under Meteorology Unit.
To run the department, DHM has employed 237 personnel. Eighty-four staffs are employed at field
offices, 48 at basin offices, and 129 at the headquarters. Sixty professional staff and 143 technicians
serving the department are supported by 34 administrative staff.
7 SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS
a) The current Hydrological and Meteorological data is based on centralized data management
centre (through technical departments). This arrangement is seen as the most practical under
the circumstances of understaffing and the fact that the primary data is rather technical and
therefore best handled by the respective technical officers.
b) Over time, the DHM has procured and installed real time telemetric stations. Flood division, in
particular, has a fairly well developed telemetric system.
c) The availability of experienced staff within the technical department is another strong area
within the sector of data management system. DHM has a Data Management Unit in place.
The Unit has been improving over time, as the staff gained exposure to challenges of data
production.
d) Besides data, DHM is doing various collaborative scientific researches with international
agencies.Programme like HYCOS, community based flood forecasting are the few examples.
e) The Department staffs are well trained and qualified. The professional staffs are from
recognized University degree holders.
f) DHM has various divisions to handle the task smoothly. There are divisions for flood, climate,
weather forecasting, training, water quality, snow and glacier and data management unit.
g) DHM is linked with International Hydromet Agencies such as WMO, UNESCO, UN-IPCC, SAARC,
World Bank etc. This linkage with international agencies is making international exposure of
DHM.
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
h) DHM is able to handle large projects. For example the department successfully completed
TsoRolpa GLOF mitigation project in the past. It is one of the world`s best example of climate
change mitigation in high lands.
WEAKNESSES
a) Weather and Hydrological Network: As the country is mountainous and receives erratic
rainfall, the station network system used by the Department of Meteorology remains poor
and scanty across the country.
a) Cost of data: The data are not free for the public. The data purchasing is not appreciated by
students and researchers as it is costly compared to Nepalese income. However, the data
cost only 25% to students.
b) Staffing: There are many divisions and regional offices but the number of staff are less to
handle these sections. Particularly, staff in hydrological section is very low.
c) Station Type: Though DHM stepping towards advance telemetric stations, still many stations
gauge precipitation only. At many locations only non-recording rain gauge are installed.
Likewise, many hydrometric stations record water level by vertical manual staff gauge.
d) From last 12 years, the DHM hasn`t published climatological and hydrological records. This is
making people forced to buy electronic copy. The electronic version of copy is expensive than
hard copy.
e) DHM has not developed design standard and guideline suitable in Nepalese context. It follows
the WMO guideline completely. Each division of DHM has their own guidelines for operation
but not available in published document.
f) The head office of DHM is an old building with limited space. Divisions are scattered in three
old buildings. There is even no sufficient space to installed single climatological station in the
ground.
OPPORTUNITIES
a) DHM is stepping towards advance hydromet agency. The DHM is reconstructing the structure
and constructing new building under PPCR-2 project funded by World Bank. It will make all
division in one umbrella building
b) DHM initiated research towards climate change. It will provide DHM staff and other
researcher for further advance studies
c) DHM stepping toward real time telemetric data enables high class forecasting for public.
d) DHM trainings on different related sector enhance the capacity of staff.
e) DHM encourage higher study for professional staffs. It will make international standard staff
f) The electronic data bank helps DHM professional staff in active research work.
g) The international linkage of DHM will make international exposure of staff
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
THREATS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Funding: DHM is National Government agency and run by government funding. The funding is
not enough to run all divisions in full phase. Due to harsh topography, operations in Mountain
area are very costly.
The less number of staffs in the department is another threat for effective operation. The
shortage in staff is particularly seen in Hydrological Division.
The old buildings of DHM are vulnerable to Earthquake. There should be new office building
constructed with less vulnerability.
Due to harsh topography, the stations are not well distributed. It may give gaps in data
analysis.
Most of the department stations are recording (manual) type. It will delay the data transport
from site to central offices.
Due to remoteness, harsh topography and natural calamities, the stations installed are
vulnerable.
The manual measurement of data is difficult, particularly, during monsoon due to remoteness
and wet season.
Even DHM has qualified staff, due to insufficient number of staff, it has less opportunity to
conduct in-house research.
Weak leadership is found in Hydrological Division. The staff numbers is also very low compared
to Meteorology demotes the implementation of activities.
8 MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE
The DHM is collecting climate data from last half century. Now the department has initiated research on
climate change in advance and modern way. Besides, the department used to carry out researches on
climate variability, hydrology and water chemistry through consultants. The DHM recently started
climate change downscaling project via consultant ADPC. The web portal have already been launched
and seasonal downscaling for 2030 and 2060 were worked out.
Beside this, in support of Finland Government, DHM is working on better database management for
climate study. The department is carrying out collaborative research in climate science with other
international agencies. The department also did various climate related collaborative work in the
past.The Snow and Glacier Division is working in crysphere climate change since its establishment.
Under this division, TsoRolpa GLOF mitiogation project has already been completed.
Climate change is making uncertainities in extreme rain and flood. Since disaster is most highlighted
subject related with climate change, the department is setting up telemetric stations under Flood
Forecasting Division to work on risk reduction. It is improving database particularly for short duration
data for easy access.
Mainstreaming climate change can be improved by downscaling short duration data (ex. Daily) to study
the hazard and corresponding vulnerability to settlements. Hourly data publication is very useful for
Climate change study. It should be published or made available in electronic format.
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Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis
9 MAIN CATEGORIES OF INFRASTRUCTURES AND
GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD
The Department is located in Babarmahal and operating from three old buildings.It has two branches
namely Hydrological and Meteorological Division within the buildings. Presently, the Department has
three basin offices of Hydrological Division namely; Karnali Basin Office in Nepalgunj, Narayani Basin
Office in Narayanghat and Kosi Basin Office in Biratnagar. In Meteorology, activities in the Far-Western
and Mid-Western region are managed by a regional office in Surkhet, whereas such activities in the
Western Development Region and the Eastern Development Region are managed by meteorological
regional offices located in Pokhara and Dharan respectively.
Beside the main buildings, department owns gauging stations house like structure with cable way. The
station's location with district and geographic coordinate can be access in www.dhm.gov.np.
10 PAST EXPERIENCE WITH HAZARDS
The department collects extreme rainfall data and flood as their regular operation. Therefore, the field
staff of the department are closely connected to hazard events. The department also analyses synoptic
and upper air analysis daily. Therefore, DHM recognizes the weather system that produce hazard.
Experiencing the past GLOF, DHM successfully completed GLOF mitigation and early warning from GLOF
project in the past.
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TshoRolpa GLOF Mitigation Project-DHM
*The document is prepared with consultation with DHM staffs, focal persons and available documents
and web information
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BIBLIOG RA P H Y








DHM/ADPC (2011): Nepal Climate Data Portal-User Manual (v0.6)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ed. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Synthesis
Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge
University Press
IPCC (2013). Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the
intergovernmental panel on climate change, Fifth Assessment Report
IPCC (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability - Summary for
policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, Fourth Assessment Report
Practical Action Nepal (2009): Temporal and spatial variability of climate change over Nepal
(1976 - 2005), Practical Action Nepal Office, 2009 ISBN: 978-9937-8135-2-5
SDMC. (2008): Feasibility study for preparation of Digital Vulnerability Atlas of SAARC Countries,
Research Report SAARC, New Delhi.
Shakya B. (2002): A new approach within hydrometeorological technique for estimation of PMP
in Nepal. Flood Defence Science Press, New York, ISBN 1-880132-54-0
Shakya B. (2004): Practical Hydrology and Meteorology for Environmental Studies, A text book,
BS publication
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