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TA 7984-NEP: MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012) Department of Hydrology Meteorology (DHM) & Institutional Analysis Citation: MoSTE. 2014. Institutional Analysis: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Prepared by the International Centre for Environmental Management (ICEM) for the Nepal Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), as part of the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience - PPCR3, Mainstreaming Climate Change in Development. Kathmandu, Nepal. MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis BACKG ROUN D This report was developed as part of the TA – 7984 NEP: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Project supported by ADB with funding from the Climate Investment Fund (CIF), and implemented by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) in partnership with ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management. The project involves line departments working together with MOSTE in eight districts to develop and test a vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning approach tailored for their needs. The aim is to distil the lessons of the district experience into reforms at national level for planning and managing more resilient infrastructure. The national agencies are those concerned with infrastructure development throughout Nepal such as irrigation, roads and bridges, water induced disasters, urban planning and water supply and sanitation systems (Figure 1). Figure 1: TA – 7984 NEP infrastructure sector department partners A core group of technical staff from each of the departments participated in working sessions and missions to the eight districts of Kathmandu, Dolakha, Achham, Banke, Myagdi, Chitwan, Panchthar and Mustang (Figure 2) where vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning exercises were conducted for existing strategic infrastructure assets. The target districts were identified by core group members to reflect the diverse ecological zones of the country and varying environmental and social conditions in which infrastructure is built. The district experience and sector analysis is documented in district reports, sector synthesis reports and linked guides for use on a systematic basis in each department. 3 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis The core group comprised of some 30 members from 9 government agencies with each agency having a wider range of staff involved in the process of setting and implementing reform priorities with support from the project team (Figure 3). Figure 2: Target districts for developing an approach to infrastructure vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning Sector focal points on the core group have a key role in promoting the climate change mainstreaming in their departments so that the design and management of existing and planned infrastructure progressively adjusts to become more resilient to the most significant projected changes and their associated potential impacts. 4 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis Figure 3: Infrastructure sector department climate change core group MoSTE NPD & NPMs Counterpart and focal point of DWIDP Counterpart and focal point of DUDBC Counterpart and focal point of DOLIDAR Core Group Counterpart and focal point of DOR Counterpart and focal point of DWSS Counterpart and focal point of DOI Counterpart and focal point of MoFALD Counterpart and focal point of DHM INTRODUCTION TO THIS REPORT At an early stage in the project an institutional analyses was conducted for each of the partner agencies. Those analyses were part of the baseline assessment in understanding the vulnerabilities of the infrastructure agencies. They were intended to answer the following questions for each sector: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) What is the organizations mandate and functions What are the main gaps and challenges facing the sector in addressing climate change? To what extent has climate change already been mainstreamed? Does the sector have the data and tools to mainstream climate change How can climate change mainstreaming be improved? Each analysis involved documenting the legislation and policies, and strategies and plans governing the agency. The organizational structure and staffing were reviewed for gaps and opportunities in the capacities for addressing climate change. The operational tools and procedures, such as EIA and spatial planning, were also assessed for their potential to facilitate adaptation in the sector. More detailed review of the sectors infrastructure covered the main categories and priorities, overall inventory, design standards and guidelines and geographic spread. An important focus of the institutional analyses was the agency’s experience with past extreme climatic conditions and events such as floods and landslides – with the aim of gathering information on infrastructure categories that have been most affected and on the hot spot localities. Finally, how has the sector responded to those extremes? Documenting past adaptation provides a foundation for future action building on the best practices and arrangements already in place. 5 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis This Institutional Analysis Report on Department of Hydrology and Meteorology(DHM) provides a profile of the department, its strengths and weaknesses in responding to its mandates and carrying out its duties. This Report was prepared on the basis of information collected by the TA team through a series of interviews and consultations with the relevant officials of the department and through relevant documents received during that period. This report is in its present shape after going through several reviews and adjustments by concerned DHM officials. 6 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis RELATED TECHNICAL REPORTS IN THE SERIES: HYDROLOGY AND METEOROLOGY SECTOR Sector Reports Report Name Institutional Analysis Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) Climate Change Threats Modelling results for the Infrastructure Sectors in Nepal District Reports Report Name District Climate Change Profiles Kathmandu Dolakha Panchthar Chitwan Myagdi Banke Achham Mustang Guidance Reports Report Name MoSTE Guide Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning Methodology for Infrastructure Development in Nepal Climate Change Risk Management Framework for Infrastructure Sectors in Nepal A Guide for developing and implementing Sector Adaptation Plans for Action - SAPAs 7 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis A BBREV IA TIO N S ADB Asian Development Bank ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre CBFF Community based Flood Forecasting DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology GoN Government of Nepal GLOF Glacier Lake Outburst Flood ICAO The International Civil Aviation Organization ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MoEST Ministry of Environment Science and Technology OHP Operational Hydrology Program SAARC South Asia Association and Regional Cooperation WMO World Meteorological Organization 8 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Strategies and Plan ............................................................................................................................... 10 3 Design Standard and Guidelines ............................................................................................................ 11 4 Organizational Setup ............................................................................................................................. 11 a. Hydrology Division ................................................................................................................................... 12 b. Meteorology division .............................................................................................................................. 13 5 Tools and Procedure ............................................................................................................................. 13 6 Staffing.................................................................................................................................................. 16 7 SWOT Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 16 8 Mainstreaming Climate Change ............................................................................................................ 18 9 Main Categories of Infrastructures and Geographical Spread ............................................................... 19 10 Past experience with Hazards ............................................................................................................... 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 21 9 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis 1 INTRODUCTION The meteorological and hydrological services underwent several breaks and functioned under different government offices including Department of Electricity, Department of Irrigation and finally fully established agency as Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM). At the beginning, Government started the hydrological and meteorological activities and services under the section of Department of Electricity. The section was later shifted to the Department of Irrigation and was ultimately upgraded to Department status in 1988. In present time, the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) is under the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology. DHM is working as Nepal`s National water, snow, weather and climate agency. Its expertise and services assist Nepalese in dealing with the harsh realities of their natural environment, including drought, floods, storms, snow falls and extreme rainfall. The DHM contributes to national social, economic, cultural and environmental goals by providing observational and meteorological, hydrological services and by undertaking research into climate and water science and environment related issues in support of its operations and services. The head office of DHM is an old building with limited space, situated at Babar Mahal, Kathmandu and regional offices in different regions of Nepal. The regional offices collect data from the stations and head office checks the reliability of data and published in the form of climatological and hydrological records book. The data are also available in the electronic version. The aim of the DHM is not to provide data only, it also conduct research activities. The main works of DHM are: To take meteorological and hydrological observations and to provide current and forecast meteorological information for optimum operation of weather-sensitive activities. To warn against severe weather phenomena like heavy rains which cause destruction of life and property. To provide meteorological statistics required for agriculture, water resource management and other nation-building activities. To conduct and promote research in meteorology and hydrology and allied disciplines. 2 STRATEGIES AND PLAN DHM has a mandate from Government of Nepal to monitor all the hydrological and meteorological activities in Nepal. No agency is entitled to carry out such activities without a proper liaison with DHM. 10 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis The scope of work includes the monitoring of river hydrology, climate, agro-meteorology, sediment, air quality, water quality, limnology, snow hydrology, glaciology, wind and solar energy. DHM provides general and aviation weather forecasts, forecasting and early warning of hydro-meteorological hazards; and contributes to the global exchange of meteorological data on a regular basis as a member of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). DHM centralized the data system for quality control. As risk reduction strategy, the department successfully completed TsoRolpa GLOF mitigation project in the past. It is one of the world`s best example of climate change mitigation in high lands. DHM stands as an International class National Hydrological and meteorological agency. In this connection, DHM actively advancing steps towards relationship with national and international organizations in the field of hydrology and meteorology. DHM participates actively in the programs of relevant international organizations, such as, the UNESCO's International Hydrological Program (IHP) and WMO's Operational Hydrology Program (OHP). DHM has hosted several regional and international workshops, symposia, seminars and meetings on different aspects of meteorology, hydrology, sediment, and snow hydrology. The department is also working as a focal point for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and for the meteorological activities of the South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC). The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has recognized DHM as an authority to provide meteorological services for international flights. DHM is making various plans for institutional development. DHM has been modernizing its hydrological and meteorological stations with the installation of telemetric system. In past the years DHM has installed telemetric stations for real time data. DHM aims to install more telemetric stations. DHM is restructuring its organization under PPCR Component 2 which will be funded the World Bank. DHM is also planning to conduct special studies required for the policy makers and for the development of hydrological and meteorological sciences in the region. For example, DHM has initiated climate change research. DHM is also working together with international Non-Government Organization such practical Action (CBFF), ICIMOD (HYCOS project) etc. 3 DESIGN STANDARD AND GUIDELINES DHM is permanent representative of World Meteorological Organisation (WMO). DHM adopt the design standards and guidelines provided by WMO for various meteorological and hydrological operations. Some of the key documents produced by WMO are; WMO- No 258 - Education and training of personnel in meteorology and operational hydrology. WMO-No. 49, WMO Technical Regulations; Basic Documents No. 2, Volume I - General meteorological standards and recommended practices, 1988; Volume II Meteorological service for international air navigation, 2001; Volume III - Hydrology,1988.WMO-TD No. 1376-Guidelines and Climate Data Management. Each division of DHM has their own guidelines for operation but not available in published document. 4 ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP 11 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis Director General heads DHM. The present Organizational Chart has four divisions headed by Deputy Director Generals: Hydrology Division, Climatology Division, Meteorological Forecasting Division and Coordination Division. Hydrology Division has four major sections: River Hydrology Section, Flood Forecasting Section, Snow and Glacier Hydrology Section and Sediment and Water Quality Section. Similarly, the sections under the Climatology Division include: Climatology Section, Agrometeorology Section, and Wind and Solar Energy Section & Data Section. The Meteorological Forecasting Division has three main units: the Communication Unit, Aviation Unit, and General Weather Forecast Unit. Coordination Division is primarily responsible for developing policies and co-coordinating all the departmental activities including financial and administrative matters. Along with the three basin offices, the Co-ordination Division provides support to the following sections: Data Management Section, Planning Section, Instrument Section, and Training Section. The Organisation Chart of DHM is presented in Figure 1.1. The activities of each division are briefly described below: A. HYDROLOGY DIVISION Hydrology division is responsible for collecting hydrological (river, lake, flood, snow and glacier) data, and analyzing, publishing and reporting them. It also operates and manages hydrological project across the country. There are different sections under Hydrology division. They are: River Hydrology Section Nationwide study and analyze water level and discharge of different rivers and lakes. Hydrological data collected from the basin offices is processed, corrected and validated. Management and supervision of current meter calibration. Publication of hydrological data. Providing guidelines for above mentioned jobs. Snow and Glacier Hydrology Section Responsible for monitoring snow and Glacier Lake, river etc. of high- mountain by establishing monitoring stations. Publication of collected and analyzed snow and snow hydrology related data. Estimation of snowmelt from high mountain region. Providing guidelines for abovementioned jobs. Sediment and Water Quality Section Responsible for monitoring sediment in different rivers. Regular monitoring of existing sediment stations and analyzes the data collected from them. Publication of collected and analyzed sediment data. Providing guidelines for abovementioned jobs. Flood Forecasting Section 12 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis B. Collection and processing of rainfall, water level and discharge data from different flood station during flood season from radio set. Preparation of forecasting models from analyzing the abovementioned data. River water level will be forecasted according to these models. Establish different flood stations and manage them. Preparing guidelines for flood forecasting and running models. METEOROLOGY DIVISION The division is responsible for collecting meteorological (rainfall, lake, flood, snow and glacier) data, studying and analyzing them, publishing analyzed data and report, and run and manage hydrological project across the country. Climatology Section Study different aspects of agriculture, water resource, environment change according to climate in different geography; Study and investigation about climate change. Preparation of climatic atlas of Nepal. Weather Forecasting Section Satellite picture analysis Weather analysis Weather forecasting 5 TOOLS AND PROCEDURE Human resource development has always been one of the prime thrust areas of the DHM for capacity building and to keep pace with latest trends in various activities of the Department. As a tools and procedure, DHM developed various training manual such as training manual for gauge reader and observer manual, refresher training for Hydrological Technicians etc. The DHM conduct periodic training to maintain and enhance job competency of observers and gauge readers. DHM maintains nation-wide networks of 337 precipitation stations, 154 hydrometric stations, 20 sediment stations, 68 climatic stations, 22 agro-meteorological stations, 9 synoptic stations and 6 Aerosynoptic stations. Data are made available to users through published reports, bulletins, and computer media outputs such as hard copies or diskettes. DHM publishes data on an annual basis. The published data available in printed format are; Climatological Records of Nepal (1999-2000) Daily Precipitation Records of Nepal (1997-1998) 13 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis Climatological Records of Nepal (1997-1998) Daily Precipitation Records of Nepal (1997-1998) Daily Precipitation Records of Mahakali, Seti&Karnali Zone Through 1996 May2000 Daily Precipitation Records of Bheri, Rapti& Dhaulagiri Zone Through 1996 May 2000 Daily Precipitation Records of Janakpur&Sagarmatha Zone Through 1996 May 2000 Daily Precipitation Records of Koshi&Mechi Zone Through 1996 May 2000 Daily Precipitation Records of Lumbini Zone Through 1996 June 1999 Daily Precipitation Records of Gandaki&Narayani Zone Through 1996 June 1999 Beside these, some data books on hydrological and meteorological prior to 1996 are available. None of the data are freely available except some weekly bulletin, weekly, monthly, and quarterly weather report, 24 hours weather forecasting for general public, weather information for civil aviation. The outline is presented in Table 1.1 Table 1.1: Data procurement S.N. Services Contact Section/Person Charge Duration 1 Published Data Store Section Yes Once 2 Hydrological and Meteorological Central Data and Computer Yes (1-7 days) Data, Water Quality and Air Section, Mr. Sarju K. Baidya According to the Pollution data 3 4 amount of data Weekly, Monthly, and Quarterly Climate Section, Mr. Saraju Weather Report Kumar Baidhya 24 hours Weather Forecasting Meteorological Forecasting for General Public Division, Airport Mani Free At once after publish Free At once Free At once RatnaShakya 5 Weather Information for Civil Meteorological Forecasting Aviation Division, Airport, Mani RatnaShakya 14 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis Figure 1.1: Organisational Structure of DHM (source-DHM) 15 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis 6 STAFFING The DHM has two branches namely Hydrological and Meteorological Division. Presently, the Department has three basin offices of Hydrological Division namely; Karnali Basin Office in Nepalgunj, Narayani Basin Office in Narayanghat and Kosi Basin Office in Biratnagar. In Meteorology, activities in the Far-Western and Mid-Western region are managed by a regional office in Surkhet, whereas such activities in the Western Development Region and the Eastern Development Region are managed by meteorological regional offices located in Pokhara and Dharan respectively. Central is managed directly by head office in Kathmandu. Both units have their own subunits for operations and data management. Subunit such as snow & glacier and flood forecasting is under Hydrology Unit and weather forecasting and climate sub unit are under Meteorology Unit. To run the department, DHM has employed 237 personnel. Eighty-four staffs are employed at field offices, 48 at basin offices, and 129 at the headquarters. Sixty professional staff and 143 technicians serving the department are supported by 34 administrative staff. 7 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS a) The current Hydrological and Meteorological data is based on centralized data management centre (through technical departments). This arrangement is seen as the most practical under the circumstances of understaffing and the fact that the primary data is rather technical and therefore best handled by the respective technical officers. b) Over time, the DHM has procured and installed real time telemetric stations. Flood division, in particular, has a fairly well developed telemetric system. c) The availability of experienced staff within the technical department is another strong area within the sector of data management system. DHM has a Data Management Unit in place. The Unit has been improving over time, as the staff gained exposure to challenges of data production. d) Besides data, DHM is doing various collaborative scientific researches with international agencies.Programme like HYCOS, community based flood forecasting are the few examples. e) The Department staffs are well trained and qualified. The professional staffs are from recognized University degree holders. f) DHM has various divisions to handle the task smoothly. There are divisions for flood, climate, weather forecasting, training, water quality, snow and glacier and data management unit. g) DHM is linked with International Hydromet Agencies such as WMO, UNESCO, UN-IPCC, SAARC, World Bank etc. This linkage with international agencies is making international exposure of DHM. 16 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis h) DHM is able to handle large projects. For example the department successfully completed TsoRolpa GLOF mitigation project in the past. It is one of the world`s best example of climate change mitigation in high lands. WEAKNESSES a) Weather and Hydrological Network: As the country is mountainous and receives erratic rainfall, the station network system used by the Department of Meteorology remains poor and scanty across the country. a) Cost of data: The data are not free for the public. The data purchasing is not appreciated by students and researchers as it is costly compared to Nepalese income. However, the data cost only 25% to students. b) Staffing: There are many divisions and regional offices but the number of staff are less to handle these sections. Particularly, staff in hydrological section is very low. c) Station Type: Though DHM stepping towards advance telemetric stations, still many stations gauge precipitation only. At many locations only non-recording rain gauge are installed. Likewise, many hydrometric stations record water level by vertical manual staff gauge. d) From last 12 years, the DHM hasn`t published climatological and hydrological records. This is making people forced to buy electronic copy. The electronic version of copy is expensive than hard copy. e) DHM has not developed design standard and guideline suitable in Nepalese context. It follows the WMO guideline completely. Each division of DHM has their own guidelines for operation but not available in published document. f) The head office of DHM is an old building with limited space. Divisions are scattered in three old buildings. There is even no sufficient space to installed single climatological station in the ground. OPPORTUNITIES a) DHM is stepping towards advance hydromet agency. The DHM is reconstructing the structure and constructing new building under PPCR-2 project funded by World Bank. It will make all division in one umbrella building b) DHM initiated research towards climate change. It will provide DHM staff and other researcher for further advance studies c) DHM stepping toward real time telemetric data enables high class forecasting for public. d) DHM trainings on different related sector enhance the capacity of staff. e) DHM encourage higher study for professional staffs. It will make international standard staff f) The electronic data bank helps DHM professional staff in active research work. g) The international linkage of DHM will make international exposure of staff 17 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis THREATS a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Funding: DHM is National Government agency and run by government funding. The funding is not enough to run all divisions in full phase. Due to harsh topography, operations in Mountain area are very costly. The less number of staffs in the department is another threat for effective operation. The shortage in staff is particularly seen in Hydrological Division. The old buildings of DHM are vulnerable to Earthquake. There should be new office building constructed with less vulnerability. Due to harsh topography, the stations are not well distributed. It may give gaps in data analysis. Most of the department stations are recording (manual) type. It will delay the data transport from site to central offices. Due to remoteness, harsh topography and natural calamities, the stations installed are vulnerable. The manual measurement of data is difficult, particularly, during monsoon due to remoteness and wet season. Even DHM has qualified staff, due to insufficient number of staff, it has less opportunity to conduct in-house research. Weak leadership is found in Hydrological Division. The staff numbers is also very low compared to Meteorology demotes the implementation of activities. 8 MAINSTREAMING CLIMATE CHANGE The DHM is collecting climate data from last half century. Now the department has initiated research on climate change in advance and modern way. Besides, the department used to carry out researches on climate variability, hydrology and water chemistry through consultants. The DHM recently started climate change downscaling project via consultant ADPC. The web portal have already been launched and seasonal downscaling for 2030 and 2060 were worked out. Beside this, in support of Finland Government, DHM is working on better database management for climate study. The department is carrying out collaborative research in climate science with other international agencies. The department also did various climate related collaborative work in the past.The Snow and Glacier Division is working in crysphere climate change since its establishment. Under this division, TsoRolpa GLOF mitiogation project has already been completed. Climate change is making uncertainities in extreme rain and flood. Since disaster is most highlighted subject related with climate change, the department is setting up telemetric stations under Flood Forecasting Division to work on risk reduction. It is improving database particularly for short duration data for easy access. Mainstreaming climate change can be improved by downscaling short duration data (ex. Daily) to study the hazard and corresponding vulnerability to settlements. Hourly data publication is very useful for Climate change study. It should be published or made available in electronic format. 18 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis 9 MAIN CATEGORIES OF INFRASTRUCTURES AND GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD The Department is located in Babarmahal and operating from three old buildings.It has two branches namely Hydrological and Meteorological Division within the buildings. Presently, the Department has three basin offices of Hydrological Division namely; Karnali Basin Office in Nepalgunj, Narayani Basin Office in Narayanghat and Kosi Basin Office in Biratnagar. In Meteorology, activities in the Far-Western and Mid-Western region are managed by a regional office in Surkhet, whereas such activities in the Western Development Region and the Eastern Development Region are managed by meteorological regional offices located in Pokhara and Dharan respectively. Beside the main buildings, department owns gauging stations house like structure with cable way. The station's location with district and geographic coordinate can be access in www.dhm.gov.np. 10 PAST EXPERIENCE WITH HAZARDS The department collects extreme rainfall data and flood as their regular operation. Therefore, the field staff of the department are closely connected to hazard events. The department also analyses synoptic and upper air analysis daily. Therefore, DHM recognizes the weather system that produce hazard. Experiencing the past GLOF, DHM successfully completed GLOF mitigation and early warning from GLOF project in the past. 19 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis TshoRolpa GLOF Mitigation Project-DHM *The document is prepared with consultation with DHM staffs, focal persons and available documents and web information 20 MOSTE | Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development Department of Hydrology and Meteorology: Institutional Analysis BIBLIOG RA P H Y DHM/ADPC (2011): Nepal Climate Data Portal-User Manual (v0.6) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Ed. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report. A Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press IPCC (2013). Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Fifth Assessment Report IPCC (2007). Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability - Summary for policymakers. A report of the Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Fourth Assessment Report Practical Action Nepal (2009): Temporal and spatial variability of climate change over Nepal (1976 - 2005), Practical Action Nepal Office, 2009 ISBN: 978-9937-8135-2-5 SDMC. (2008): Feasibility study for preparation of Digital Vulnerability Atlas of SAARC Countries, Research Report SAARC, New Delhi. Shakya B. (2002): A new approach within hydrometeorological technique for estimation of PMP in Nepal. Flood Defence Science Press, New York, ISBN 1-880132-54-0 Shakya B. (2004): Practical Hydrology and Meteorology for Environmental Studies, A text book, BS publication 21