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Download Notes Topic 6 Climate Change - Global Warming
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Topic 6 Climate Change - Global Warming Notes Ch. 6 Read and know the following parts of the text. Use textbook and internet research to answer the following questions. Use Answer sheet. 6.1 – The Greenhouse Effect : IB Qs: 1,2,3 Occurs in Troposphere Greenhouse gases: CO2 , Methane (CH4) , N2O, CFCs, O3 , H2O 1 1. Role of Greenhouse Gases in Maintaining Mean Global Temperature pp. 261 – 263 NEED TO KNOW : p. 261 all p. 262 : top paragraph only ; be able to interpret the graphs p. 263 : be able to interpret graph and the following text: DEFORESTATION – INCREASES CO2 REFORESTATION – FORESTS – ABSORB CO2 2 IB QUESTIONS 1. This question refers to the data below. Percent increase from 1750 to 1992 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide These gases cause the Greenhouse Effect because they are A. more effective at absorbing long-wave radiation than other gases in the atmosphere. B. more effective at absorbing short-wave radiation than other gases in the atmosphere. C. produced by human activities. D. not broken down in the atmosphere. 3 2. The major greenhouse gases are A. nitrous oxide and acid rain. B. water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane. C. carbon dioxide, nitrogen and ozone. D. ozone, water vapour and chlorine. 3. Which list contains only greenhouse gases? A. Carbon dioxide, water and methane B. Methane, CFCs and sulfur dioxide C. Carbon dioxide, lead and methane D. Nitrogen, water and CFCs 4 2. Human Activity and the Greenhouse Effect pp. 264 – 265 NEED TO KNOW : p. 264 : all p. 265 : be able to interpret graphs 3. The Effects of Global Warming pp. 266 – 269 5 NEED TO KNOW : IB Qs : 4,5 p. 266 : only the following p. 267 - 268 : know all IB QUESTIONS 4. (a)List three greenhouse gases. (b) Outline one way in which human activities are changing the proportion of one of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. (c) State two possible effects of the changes in the total proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 5. As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are widespread. Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment. 6 4. Feedback and Global Warming pp. 270 – 272 IB Q: 6 NEED TO KNOW : all EXCEPT the case studies 6. Of what is the diagram below an example? ice-caps melt global warming less energy refected increased global temperature A. Negative feedback B. Positive feedback C. Steady-state equilibrium D. Static equilibrium 7 5. Pollution Management Strategies pp. 272-274 KNOW: Kyoto Protocol , carbon taxing and trading pp. 273-274 : IB Q : 7 7. The graphs below show the top ten countries in terms of total carbon emissions and emissions per capita. 8 Graph A: Total carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning for the top ten emitting countries, in million tonnes (Mt). 1400 1200 1000 800 Carbon emissions (Mt) 600 400 200 Italy Canada Ukraine UK India Germany Japan Russia China US 0 Graph B: Total carbon emissions (tonnes) per capita for the top ten emitting countries. 6 5 4 Carbon emissions per capita (tonnes) 3 2 1 (a) Comment on the significance of these data. (b) Describe the Kyoto Protocol that aims to reduce the amount of carbon emissions. (c) Describe the Carbon taxing and carbon trading that aims to reduce the amount of carbon emissions Italy Canada Ukraine UK India Germany Japan Russia China US 0 9 NEED TO KNOW : IB Qs : 8, 9, 10 8. Outline one way in which human activities are changing the proportion of the following green house gases in the atmosphere: CO2 Methane N2O CFCs 10 9. As well as their direct impact on the atmosphere, the effects of fossil fuel use are widespread. Discuss the range of effects of fossil fuel use on the environment. (a) Explain three management strategies that could be taken to reduce these effects? (b) The average cost of petrol (gasoline) for automobiles is four times higher in Europe than in the USA. Discuss the environmental implications of this difference. 10. As a result of global warming, there could be increased I. snowfall at the poles. II. melting of polar ice caps. III. photosynthesis. Which could produce positive feedback in the Earth’s climate system? A. I, II and III B. I and III only C. II only D. III only 11 11.The graph shows the variation in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1970 at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. CO 2 concentration / ppm 375 370 365 360 355 350 345 340 335 330 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 325 320 Year [Source: C D Keeling and T P Whorf (2004), Atmosphere CO2 concentrations (ppm) derived from in situ air samples, collected at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii] What has caused the annual rise and fall of CO2 levels shown in the graph? A. Seasonal functions of ozone in the troposphere B. Seasonal depletion of ozone in the stratosphere C. Seasonal variations in photosynthesis D. Seasonal variations in the numbers and intensity of forest fires 12 12. Methane is produced by I. bacterial activity. II. decomposition in landfill sites. III. digestive systems of cattle. A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III 13. What might be a consequence of a significant decrease in the amount of the CO2 in the atmosphere? A. The Earth becoming warmer B. A decrease in CFC levels in the atmosphere C. A rise in sea levels D. The Earth becoming cooler 13 6. Ocean Currents, Circulation and Distribution of Heat Around the World – The Ocean Current Conveyor Belt: (Video An Inconvenient Truth 48-52min ) Ocean currents distribute global heat throughout the earth. An understanding of these currents is important to understanding global warming and climate change. The cause of these ocean currents is complex but the main factors are the water temperature and density affected by salt concentration. Cold water holds more salt and is more dense so it will sink. Hot water holds less salt is less dense so it will rise. This will set up a convection current that creates the ocean currents . This is also called the ocean current conveyor belt. Basically heating of the oceans at the equator is transferred and circulated via ocean convection currents to the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Know one example – N. Atlantic and Gulf stream. N. Atlantic and Gulf Stream Ocean Currents 14 7. Arguments about Global Warming pp. 275-276 NEED TO KNOW : 15 16 8. NEW NOTES AND BUZZ WORDS – TYPICAL IB ESSAY TYPE QUESTION PAPER 2 QUESTION: Climate Change may be addressed at the level of preventing the causes of impact ( mitigation) and limiting the extent of impact (adaptation) . Evaluate the relative advantages of mitigation and adaption with the help of named examples. ( 9 points) Part 1- Preventing the causes of impact ( mitigation) and named examples = 5 pts Part 2 - Limiting the extent of impact and specific examples (adaptation) = 4 pts Part 1 - Preventing the causes of impact ( mitigation) and named examples = 5 pts 17 NEW NOTES Make Sure You Know This Stuff – See Document NEW BUZZ WORDS Topic 6 Reducing CO2 emissions Mitigation strategies to reduce GHGs in general may include: Mitigation strategies for carbon dioxide removal (CDR techniques) include: – protecting and enhancing carbon sinks through land management; for example, through the UN collaborative programme on reducting emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (UNREDD) using biomass as a fuel source – using carbon capture and storage (CCS) – enhancing carbon dioxide absorption by the oceans through either fertilizing oceans with compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron to encourage the biological pump, or increasing upwellings to release nutrients to the surface Adaptive capacity varies from place to place and can be dependent on financial and technological resources. MEDCs can provide economic and technological support to LEDCs. • There are international efforts and conferences to address mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change; for example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Named Examples and Evaluate Kyoto Protocol Text p. 273 Carbon Taxes and Trading Text p. 274 18 Know These Examples Example 1 UK – Energy Efficiency Example 2 New Zealand – Taxes on Emissions of Green house Gases Example 3 Sweden – Reducing Use of Fossil Fuels Example 4 UNREDD - UN collaborative program on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (UNREDD) 19 Part 2 EVALUATE Limiting the extent of impact (adaptation) and specific examples = 4 pts Define Adaptation: Floods Due to Sea Level Rising Spread of Diseases due to Biome Distribution and Insects invading N. Hemisphere Need for Fresh Drinking Water and Desalination Plants Agriculture favorable in some regions due to Biome Distribution 20